The Ruthless Truth blog

 

 

The County Sheriffs have to take back the ownership of the lands in each State. The Feds say they own it, but they only manage it. So States need to get back the rights to their own lands. The Feds cannot tell the States what to do. This means the States are on their own and can make their own decisions. Federal Intervention was stopped by Sheriff Mack over a bridge disagreement. This was accomplished by calling the Federal Bluff and not doing what they wanted. Interesting commentary by Richard Mack of Utah. He is running in next election…who will you vote for?? This is the man TPTB do NOT want you to know about!

 

http://restoretherepublic.net/article/2707/federal-ownership-of-land

by Prof. Peter Dale Scott

Global Research, August 11, 2009

 

"In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." Dwight David Eisenhower, "Military-Industrial Complex Speech," 1961, [1]

"My observation is that the impact of national elections on the business climate for SAIC has been minimal. The emphasis on where federal spending occurs usually shifts, but total federal spending never decreases. SAIC has always continued to grow despite changes in the political leadership in Washington." Former SAIC manager, quoted in Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, "Washington’s $8 Billion Shadow." Vanity Fair, March 2007[2]

"We make American military doctrine" Ed Soyster, MPRI[3]

The Myth of the Grand Chessboard: Geopolitics and Imperial Folie de Grandeur

In the Road to 9/11 I summarized the dialectic of open societies: how from their energy they expand, leading to a higher level of more secretive corporations and agencies, which eventually weaken the home country through needless and crushing wars.[4] I am not alone in seeing America in the final stages of this process, which since the Renaissance has brought down Spain, the Netherlands, and Great Britain.

Much of what I wrote summarized the thoughts of writers before me like Paul Kennedy and Kevin Phillips. But there is one aspect of the curse of expansion that I underemphasized: how dominance creates megalomanic illusions of insuperable control, and how this illusion in turn is crystallized into a prevailing ideology of dominance. I am surprised that so few, heretofore, have pointed out that from a public point of view these ideologies are delusional, indeed perhaps insane. In this essay I will argue however that what looks demented from a public viewpoint makes sense from the narrower perspective of those profiting from the provision of private entrepreneurial violence and intelligence.

The ideology of dominance was expressed for British rulers by Sir Halford Mackinder in 1919: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the heartland commands the World Island; Who rules the World Island commands the World."[5] This sentence, though expressed after the power of Britain had already begun to decline, accurately articulated the anxieties of imperial planners who saw themselves playing "the Great Game," and who thus in 1809 sacrificed an entire British army of twelve thousand men in the wilderness of Afghanistan.

Expanded by Karl Haushofer and other Germans into the alleged "science" of geopolitics, this doctrine helped to inspire Hitler’s disastrous Drang nach Osten, which in short order terminated the millenary hopes of the Nazi Third Reich. One might have thought that by now the lessons of Napoleon and Hitler would have subdued all illusions that any single power could command the "World Island," let alone the world.

Kissinger for one appears to have learned this lesson, when he wrote that: "By geopolitical, I mean an approach that pays attention to the requirements of equilibrium."[6] But (largely because of his commitment to equilibrium in world order) Kissinger was swept aside by events in the mid-1970s, leading to the triumph of the global dominance mindset, as expressed by thinkers like Zbigniew Brzezinski.[7]

Brzezinski himself has recognized how his gratuitous machinations in Afghanistan in 1978-79 produced the responses of al Qaeda and jihadi terrorism. Asked in 1998 whether he regretted his adventurism, Brzezinski replied:

"Regret what? The secret operation was an excellent idea. It drew the Russians into the Afghan trap and you want me to regret it? On the day that the Soviets officially crossed the border, I wrote to President Carter, saying, in essence: ‘We now have the opportunity of giving to the USSR its Vietnam War.’"

Nouvel Observateur: "And neither do you regret having supported Islamic fundamentalism, which has given arms and advice to future terrorists?"

Brzezinski: "What is more important in world history? The Taliban or the collapse of the Soviet empire? Some agitated Muslims or the liberation of Central Europe and the end of the Cold War?"

When he was asked whether Islamic fundamentalism represented a world menace, Brzezinski replied, "Nonsense!"[8]

In some ways, the post-Afghanistan Brzezinski has become more moderate in his expectations from U.S. power: he notably warned against the Gulf War in 1990 and also Vice-President Cheney’s agitations when in office for some kind of preemptive strike against Iran. But he has never retracted the Mackinderite rhetoric of his 1997 book The Grand Chessboard, which revives the illusion of "controlling" the Eurasian heartland:

For the first time ever, a non-Eurasian power has emerged not only as a key arbiter of Eurasian power relations but also as the world’s paramount power. The defeat and collapse of the Soviet Union was the final step in the rapid ascendance of a Western Hemisphere power, the United States, as the sole and, indeed, the first truly global power." (p. xiii)

"For America, the chief geopolitical prize is Eurasia… Now a non-Eurasian power is preeminent in Eurasia – and America’s global primacy is directly dependent on how long and how effectively its preponderance on the Eurasian continent is sustained." (p.30)

"To put it in a terminology that harkens back to the more brutal age of ancient empires, the three grand imperatives of imperial geostrategy are to prevent collusion and maintain security dependence among the vassals, to keep tributaries pliant and protected, and to keep the barbarians from coming together." (p.40)[9]

This kind of brash talk is not unique to Brzezinski. Its call for unilateral dominance echoed the 1992 draft DPG (Defense Planning Guidance) prepared for Defense Secretary Cheney by neocons Paul Wolfowitz and Lewis "Scooter" Libby: "We must maintain the mechanisms for deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role."[10] It is echoed both in the 2000 PNAC Study, "Rebuilding America’s Defenses," and the Bush-Cheney National Security Strategy of September 2002 (NSS 2002).[11] And it is epitomized by the megalomanic JCS strategic document Joint Vision 2020, "Full-spectrum dominance means the ability of U.S. forces, operating alone or with allies, to defeat any adversary and control any situation across the range of military operations."[12]

Such overblown rhetoric is out of touch with reality, dangerously delusional, and even arguably insane. It is however useful, even vital, to those corporations who have become accustomed to profiting from the Cold War, and who faced deep cuts in U.S. defense and intelligence spending in the first years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. They are joined by other groups (discussed below) that also have a stake in preserving the dominance mindset in Washington. These include the new purveyors of privatized military services, or what can be called entrepreneurial violence, in response to defense budget cuts.

The Real Grand Chessboard: Those Profiting from Enduring Violence

The delusional grandiosity of Brzezinski’s rhetoric is inherent above all in the false metaphor of his book title. "Vassals" are not chess pieces to be moved effortlessly by a single hand. They are human beings with minds of their own; and among humans an unjust excess of power is certain to provoke not only resentment but ultimately successful resistance. One can see this easily in Asia, from the evolution of anti-Americanism in Iran to the Hizb-ut-Tahrir (HT) in Central Asia: although still ostensibly nonviolent, HT’s rhetoric is now more and more aggressively anti-American.[13]

The notion of a single chess player is equally false, especially in Central Asia, where dominant states (the U.S., Russia, and China) and local states are all alike weak. Here major multinational corporations like BP and Exxon are major players. In countries like Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan they dwarf both local state power and also the U.S. governmental presence, whether official or covert. The true local powers are apt to be two which governments are notoriously inept at controlling: first, the "agitated Muslims" which Brzezinski insanely derided, and second, illicit trafficking, above all drug trafficking.[14]

Ultimately however Brzezinski is not constrained by his chess metaphor. The goal of a chess game is to win. Brzezinski’s goal is quite different: to exert permanent restraints on the power of China and above all Russia. He has thus sensibly opposed destabilizing moves like a western strike on Iran, while supporting the permanent containment of Russia with a ring of western bases and pipelines. (In 1995 Brzezinski flew to Azerbaijan and helped negotiate the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline linking Azerbaijan to Turkey.)[15]

As I have argued elsewhere, Brzezinski (though he no doubt thinks to himself in terms of strategy) thus promotes a policy that very much suits the needs of the oil industry and its backers. These last include his patrons the Rockefellers, who first launched him into national prominence.[16]

In March 2001 the biggest oil majors (Exxon Mobil, Chevron, Conoco, and Shell) had their opportunity to design the incoming administration’s energy strategies, including Middle East policy, by participating secretly in Vice-President Cheney’s Energy Task Force.[17] The Task Force, we learned later, developed a map of Iraq’s oil fields, with the southwest divided into nine "Exploration Blocks." One month earlier a Bush National Security Council document had noted that Cheney’s Task force would consider "actions regarding the capture of new and existing oil and gas fields."[18] Earlier the oil companies had participated in a non-governmental task force calling for "an immediate policy review toward Iraq including military, energy, economic and political/diplomatic assessments."[19]

Of course, oil companies were not alone in pushing for military action against Iraq. After 9/11, Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz, and Douglas Feith established the Pentagon’s neocon Office of Special Plans (OSP), which soon "rivalled both the C.I.A. and the Pentagon’s own Defense Intelligence Agency, the D.I.A., as President Bush’s main source of intelligence regarding Iraq’s possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda."[20] Neocon influence in the Administration, supported by Lewis Libby in Vice-President Cheney’s office, trumped the skepticism of CIA and DIA: these two false charges against Saddam Hussein, or what one critic called "faith-based intelligence," became briefly the official ideology of the United States. Some, notably Dick Cheney, have never recanted.

Many journalists were eager to promote the OSP doctrines. Judith Miller of the New York Times wrote a series of articles on Saddam’s WMD, relying, like OSP itself, on the propaganda of Iraqi exile Ahmed Chalabi.[21] Miller’s book collaborator Laurie Mylroie went even further, arguing that "Saddam was not only behind the ‘93 Trade Center attack, but also every anti-American terrorist incident of the past decade, from the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania to the leveling of the federal building in Oklahoma City to September 11 itself."[22] Many of these advocates, notably Feith, Libby, and Mylroie, had links to Israel, which as much as any oil company had reasons to wish for U.S. armies to become established militarily in Central Asia.[23]

Private Military Contractors (PMCs), Whose Business is Violence for Profit

The inappropriateness of a military response to the threat of terrorism has been noted by a number of counterterrorism experts, such as retired U.S. Army colonel Andrew Bacevich:

the concept of global war as the response to violent Islamic radicalism is flawed. We ought not be in the business of invading and occupying other countries. That’s not going to address the threat. It is, on the other hand, going to bankrupt the country and break the military.[24]

Because of budgetary constraints, America has resorted to uncontrollable subordinates to represent its public power in these remote places. I shall focus chiefly in this essay on one group of these, the so-called Private Military Contractors (PMCs) who are authorized to commit violence in the name of their employers. These corporations are reminiscent of the marauding condottieri or private mercenary armies contracted for by the wealthy city states of Renaissance Italy.[25]

With the hindsight of history, we can see the contribution of the notoriously capricious Condottieri to the violence they are supposedly hired to deal with. Some, when unemployed, became little more than predatory bandits. Others, like the celebrated Farinata whom Dante placed in the Inferno, turned against their native cities. Above all, the de facto power accumulated by the condottieri meant that, with the passage of time, they came to dictate terms to their ostensible employers.[26] (They were an early example of entrepreneurial violence, and the most common way of avoiding their path of destruction was "to buy reprieve by offering bribes."[27])

To offset the pressure on limited armed forces assets, Donald Rumsfeld escalated the increasing use of Private Military Contractors (PMCs) in the Iraq War. At one point as many as 100,000 personnel were employed by PMCs in the US Iraq occupation. Some of them were involved in controversial events there, such as the Iraq Abu Ghraib prison scandal, and the killing and burning of four contract employees in Fallujah. The license of the most controversial firm, Blackwater, was terminated by the Iraqi government in 2007, after eight Iraqi civilians were gratuitously killed in a firefight that followed a car bomb explosion.[28] (After much negative publicity, Blackwater renamed itself in 2009 as Xe Worldwide.)

Insufficiently noticed in the public furor over PMCs like Blackwater was the difference in motivation between them and the Pentagon. Whereas the stated goal of Rumsfeld and the armed forces in Iraq was to end violence there, the PMCs clearly had a financial stake in its continuation. Hence it is no surprise that some of the largest PMCs were also political supporters for pursuing the ill-conceived "War on Terror."

Blackwater was the most notorious example; Erik Prince, its founder and sole owner, is part of a family that figures among the major contributors to the Republican Party and other right-wing causes, such as the Council for National Policy. His sister once told the press that "my family is the largest single contributor of soft money to the national Republican Party."[29]

Private Intelligence Companies and the Provision of Violence

Blackwater has attracted the critical attention of the American Mainstream Media. But it was a mere knight on the grand chessboard, albeit one with the ability to influence the moves of the game. Far less noticed has been given to Diligence LLC. Diligence, a more powerful company, that unlike Blackwater interfaced heavily with Wall Street, "set up shop in Baghdad [in July 2003] to provide security for companies involved in Iraqi reconstruction. In December, it established a new subsidiary called Diligence Middle East, and expanded its services to include screening, vetting and training of local hires, and the provision of daily intelligence briefs for its corporate clients."[30]

Certainly the political clout of Diligence outshone and outlasted Blackwater’s. Two of its founding directors (Lanny Griffiths and Ed Rogers) were also founders of the influential Republican lobbying team Barbour Griffiths and Rogers (later renamed BGR). Haley Barbour, the senior founder of BGR, also served as Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1993 to 1997.

Diligence LLC was licensed to do business in Iraq as a private military contractor (PMC). But it could be called a Private Intelligence Contractor (PIC), since it is virtually a CIA spin-off:

Diligence was founded by William Webster, the only man to head both the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Mike Baker, its chief executive officer, spent 14 years at the CIA as a covert field operations officer specializing in counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations. Whitley Bruner, its chief operating officer in Baghdad, was once the CIA station chief in Iraq.[31]

Its partner in Diligence Middle East (DME) is New Bridge Strategies, whose purpose has been described by the New York Times as "a consulting firm to advise companies that want to do business in Iraq, including those seeking pieces of taxpayer-financed reconstruction projects."[32] Its political clout was outlined in the Financial Times:

New Bridge was established in May [2003] and came to public attention because of the Republican heavyweights on its board – most linked to one or other Bush administration [officials] or to the family itself. Those include Joe Allbaugh, George W. Bush’s presidential campaign manager, and Ed Rogers and Lanny Griffith, former George H.W. Bush aides.[33]

The firm of Barbour, Griffith and Rogers was the initial funder of Diligence, which shares an office floor with BGR and New Bridge in a building four blocks from the White House. The Financial Times linked the success of New Bridge in securing contracts to their relationship to Neil Bush, the President’s brother.[34] When Mack McLarty, Clinton’s White House Chief of Staff, resigned, he became a director of Diligence, and also joined Henry Kissinger to head, until 2008, Kissinger McLarty Associates.

Another Private Intelligence Contractor or PIC is Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), an $8 billion corporation involved in defense, intelligence community, and homeland security contracting. In the words of veteran journalists Donald Barlett and James Steele,

SAIC has displayed an uncanny ability to thrive in every conceivable political climate. It is the invisible hand behind a huge portion of the national-security state—the one sector of the government whose funds are limitless and whose continued growth is assured every time a politician utters the word "terrorism." SAIC represents, in other words, a private business that has become a form of permanent government….[SAIC] epitomizes something beyond Eisenhower’s worst nightmare—the "military-industrial-counterterrorism complex."[35]

(Later their article made it clear that SAIC is not a unified bureaucracy, but more like a platform for individual entrepreneurship in obtaining contracts: "at SAIC your job fundamentally was to sell your high-tech ideas and blue-chip expertise to [any] government agency with money to spend and an impulse to buy.")[36]

Before becoming Secretary of Defense, Robert M. Gates was a member of SAIC’s board of directors. SAIC personnel have also been recruited from CIA, NSA, and DARPA.

Scores of influential members of the national-security establishment clambered onto SAIC’s payroll, among them John M. Deutch, undersecretary of energy under President Jimmy Carter and C.I.A. director under President Bill Clinton; Rear Admiral William F. Raborn, who headed development of the Polaris submarine; and Rear Admiral Bobby Ray Inman, who served variously as director of the National Security Agency, deputy director of the C.I.A., and vice director of the Defense Intelligence Agency.[37]

SAIC helped supply the faulty intelligence about Saddam’s WMD that then generated ample contracts for SAIC in Iraq.

SAIC personnel were instrumental in pressing the case that weapons of mass destruction existed in Iraq under Saddam Hussein, and that war was the only way to get rid of them. When no weapons of mass destruction were found, SAIC personnel staffed the commission set up to investigate how American intelligence could have been so disastrously wrong, including Gordon Oehler, the commission’s deputy director for review, a 25-year CIA veteran, Jeffrey R. Cooper, vice president and chief science officer for one of SAIC’s sub-units and Samuel Visner, a SAIC vice president for corporate development who had also passed through the revolving door and back to the NSA. David Kay, who later chaired the Iraq Survey Group (which showed that Hussein didn’t possess WMD, thereby proving that the war was launched under false pretenses), is also an SAIC shareholder and former director of SAIC’s Center for Counterterrorism Technology and Analysis.[38]

Needless to say, this SAIC-stuffed commission did not report that SAIC itself had been a big part of the problem. But according to Barlett and Steele, the same David Kay in 1998 told the Senate Armed Services Committee:

that Saddam Hussein "remains in power with weapons of mass destruction" and that "military action is needed." He warns that unless America acts now "we’re going to find the world’s greatest military with its hands tied."

Over the next four years, Kay and others associated with SAIC hammered away at the threat posed by Iraq. Wayne Downing, a retired general and a close associate of Ahmad Chalabi, proselytized hard for an invasion of Iraq, stating that the Iraqis "are ready to take the war … overseas. They would use whatever means they have to attack us." In many of his appearances on network and cable television leading up to the war, Downing was identified simply as a "military analyst." It would have been just as accurate to note that he was a member of SAIC’s board of directors and a company stockholder….

9/11 was a personal tragedy for thousands of families and a national tragedy for all of America, but it served the interests of private intellience and military contractors including SAIC. In the aftermath of the attacks, the Bush administration launched its "Global War on Terror" (GWOT), whose chief consequence has been to channel money by the tens of billions into companies promising they could do something—anything—to help. SAIC was ready. Four years earlier, anticipating the next big source of government revenue, SAIC had established the Center for Counterterrorism Technology and Analysis. According to SAIC, the purpose of the new unit was to take "a comprehensive view of terrorist threats, including the full range of weapons of mass destruction, more traditional high explosives, and cyber-threats to the national infrastructure." In October of 2006 the company told would-be investors flatly that the war on terror would continue to be a lucrative growth industry.[39]

Barlett and Steele could have mentioned that SAIC senior analyst Fritz Ermarth, a long-time associate of Gates from his years in the CIA, is now an official of the Nixon Center. Commenting in 2003 on State Secretary Colin Powell’s briefing to the UN Security Council, Ermarth praised Powell for his charges (repeating one of Judith Miller’s false stories) about Saddam’s acquisition of aluminum tubing "for centrifuges and not rocketry." Ermarth faulted Powell however for not mentioning two matters: Iraqi involvement in the World Trade Center bombing of 1993 (a charge by Laurie Mylroie now generally discredited), and that "During the 1970s and 1980s…the USSR and its allies supported terrorists in Western Europe and in Turkey," (alluding to the false charges, promoted at the time by Robert Gates and Claire Sterling, about Mehmet Ali Agça’s attempted assassination of Pope Paul II).[40]

I certainly do not wish to suggest that SAIC single-handedly created the will to fight in Iraq. The combined efforts of defense contractors, oil companies, PMCs and PICs created a mindset in which all those eager for power were caught up, including, I have to say, career-minded academics. In Iraq as in Afghanistan and Vietnam a generation earlier, a sure ticket to consultations in Washington was support for interventions that ordinary people could see would be disastrous.

The yea-saying of academics has approved even the privatization of intelligence which we have just been describing. According to political scientist Anna Leander,

Private firms not only provide, but also analyse intelligence. Private translators, analysts and ‘interrogators’ are hired, as illustrated by the involvement of Titan and CACI in Abu Ghraib. Even more directly, private firms are hired in to assess threats and risks and suggest what to do about them. This involves constructing a security picture as done for example, by Diligence LLC and SAIC, two firms specialised in intelligence gathering and analysis….. This privatisation of intelligence has direct consequences for the relation between PMCs and security discourses. It places the firms in a position where they are directly involved in producing these discourses. They provide a growing share of the information that forms the basis of decisions on whether or not something is a security concern.

Leander concludes that this privatization is beneficial: it "empower[s] a more military understanding of security which, in turn, empowers PMCs as particularly legitimate security experts."[41]

Another political scientist, Chaim Kaufmann, has noted more critically that arguments for escalation and what he calls threat inflation against Iraq were not adequately disciplined by "the marketplace of ideas." He gives five reasons for this failure, duly supported by other political scientists. But the obvious reason mentioned by Barlett and Steele – profit – is not mentioned.[42]

What we have been talking about until now is advocacy disguised as expertise. But overseas associates of Diligence LLC and its allies have also been accused of false-flag operations intended to provoke war.

The passage of the Patriot Act generated a new realm of profit for SAIC contractors — domestic surveillance of U.S. citizens – as well as new intelligence fusion centers to carry this out.

“As part of the Pentagon’s domestic security mission, former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld created the Counterintelligence Field Activity office in 2002 and filled its staff with contractors from Booz Allen, BAE systems, SAIC, and other suppliers of cleared personnel. CIFA, as we’ve seen, was used against people suspected of harboring ill will against the Bush administration and its policies….At present, there are forty-three current and planned fusion centers in the United States where data from intelligence agencies, the FBI, local police, private sector databases, and anonymous tipsters are combined and analyzed by counterterrorism analysts…. According to the Electronic Privacy Information Center, the project “inculcates the project “inculcates DHS with enormous domestic surveillance powers.”[43]

These fusion centers, “which combine the military, the FBI, state police, and others, have been internally promoted by the US Army as means to avoid restrictions preventing the military from spying on the domestic population.” [44] Responding to such criticisms, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Napolitano stated in March 2009 that the mandate of fusion centers was not to launch independent domestic surveillance operations but connect the dots between lawfully obtained information already in fragmented “siloed” databases.[45] She did not mention that some of this information was from private and even anonymous sources.

One SAIC contractor, Neoma Syke, worked at such a fusion center, wearing two hats:

During 2003-2004, she was "working for SAIC" as a force protection analyst with "SAIC’s" 205th Military Intelligence Battalion. And while she was "a contractor for SAIC", specifically, "SAIC’s" 205th Military Intelligence Battalion, apparently she served as Counterintelligence Watch Officer at USARPAC’s Crisis Action Center.[46]

Peter Dale Scott  is a former Canadian diplomat and English Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a poet, writer, and researcher of the New World Order. Visit his website at http://www.peterdalescott.net/

Notes

[1] Dwight David Eisenhower, "Military-Industrial Complex Speech," 1961,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/eisenhower001.asp.

[2] Former SAIC manager, in Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, "Washington’s $8 Billion Shadow." Vanity Fair, March 2007,
http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/03/spyagency200703?currentPage=1.

[3] The Economist, July 8, 1999.

[4] Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 9/11: Wealth, Empire, and the Future of America (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007), 7-9.

[5] Halford J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality (New York: Holt, 1919).

[6] Henry Kissinger, in Colin S Gray, G R Sloan. Geopolitics, Geography, and Strategy (Portland: Frank Cass Publishers, 1999).

[7] For the events leading to the displacement of Kissinger see Scott, The Road to 9/11, 50-54, etc.

[8] Le Nouvel Observateur, January 15-21, 1998. In his relentless determination to weaken the Soviet Un ion, Brzezinski also persuaded Carter to end U.S. sanctions against Pakistan for its pursuit of nuclear weapons (David Armstrong and Joseph J. Trento, America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise (Steerforth, 2007). Thus Brzezinski’s obsession with the Soviet Union helped produce, as unintended byproducts, both al Qaeda and the Islamic atomic arsenal.

[9] Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (New York: basic Books), xiii, 30, 40.

[10] Memorandum of February 18, 1992, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb245/index.htm.

[11] For specific parallels to The Grand Chessboard, see Scott, Road to 9/11, 191-2.

[12] "Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance," DefenseLink,
http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289, emphasis added.

[13] Zeyno Baran, "Hizb-ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency," Nixon Center, December 2004,
www.HizbutahrirIslamsPoliticalInsurgency.pdf.

[14] Brzezinski was so unafraid of Islamic jihadism that when National Security Adviser he convened a working group to deliberately stir up Muslim dissatisfaction inside the Soviet Union (Scott, Road to 9/11, 70-71).

[15] He has since taken credit for persuading President Aliyyev of Azerbaijan to commit to the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (Zbigniew Brzezinski, "Geopolitically Speaking: Russia’s `Sphere of Influence’ – Chechnya and Beyond," Azerbaijan International, Spring 2000, p. 24,
http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/81_folder/81_articles/81_brzezinski.html.
This pipeline, a favor to U.S. and British oil companies, makes geopolitical but not economic sense; and is further destabilizing an already tense region. See Pepe Escobar, "Liquid War Across Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific: Postcard from Pipelineistan," The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, http://japanfocus.org/-Pepe-Escobar/3149.

[16] Scott, Road to 9/11, 70-79.

[17] Dana Milbank and Justin Blum, "Document Says Oil Chiefs Met With Cheney Task Force," Washington Post, November 16, 2005. This story noted that CEOs of three majors had falsely denied this: " A White House document shows that executives from big oil companies met with Vice President Cheney’s energy task force in 2001 — something long suspected by environmentalists but denied as recently as last week by industry officials testifying before Congress….In a joint hearing last week of the Senate Energy and Commerce committees, the chief executives of Exxon Mobil Corp., Chevron Corp. and ConocoPhillips said their firms did not participate in the 2001 task force. The president of Shell Oil said his company did not participate `to my knowledge,’ and the chief of BP America Inc. said he did not know. Chevron was not named in the White House document, but the Government Accountability Office has found that Chevron was one of several companies that ‘gave detailed energy policy recommendations’ to the task force."

[18] Scott, Road to 9/11, 188-89; citing Linda McQuaig, Crude Dudes," Toronto Star, September 20, 2004; Jane Mayer, "Contract Sport," New Yorker, February 16-23, 2004.

[19] Scott, Road to 9/11, 189; "Strategy Energy Policy: Challenges for the 21st Century," Report of the James A. Baker Institute of Public Policy and Council on Foreign Relations Task Force, 40, emphasis added.

[20] Seymour M. Hersh, "Selective Intelligence: Donald Rumsfeld Has His Own Special Sources. Are They Reliable?" New Yorker, May 6, 2003

[21] Michael Massing, "Now They Tell Us," New York Review of Books, February 26, 2004, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16922.

[22] Peter Bergen, "Armchair Provocateur — Laurie Mylroie: The Neocons’ favorite conspiracy theorist," Washington Monthly, December 2003,
http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0312.bergen.html.

[23] For Israel links, see Michael Lind, Made in Texas (New York, Basic Books), 139 (Feith); John J. Mearsheimer, Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 166, etc. (Libby); Michael Isikoff and David Corn, Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War (New York: Crown, 2006), 68-70 (Mylroie).

[24] Jon Wiener, "Obama’s Limits: An Interview With Andrew Bacevich," Nation, August 28, 2008,
http://www.thenation.com/blogs/notion/350252/obama_s_limits_an_interview_with_andrew_bacevich.
Cf. Andrew Bacevich, The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2008). Michael Scheuer also argues that the campaign against terrorism took a big step backwards when the U.S. invaded Iraq. "Experts Fears ‘Endless’ Terror War," MSNBC, July 9, 2005, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8524679. Peter Bergen agrees: "Many jihadists are so happy that the Bush administration invaded Iraq. Without the Iraq war, their movement—under assault from without and riven from within—would have imploded a year or so after Sept. 11" (Bergen, "The Jihadists Export Their Rage to Book Pages and Web Pages," Washington Post, September 11, 2005). So does Richard Clarke (Against All Enemies, 246): "Nothing America could have done would have provided al Qaeda and its new generation of cloned groups a better recruitment device than our unprovoked invasion of an oil-rich Arab country."

[25] I am not the first to notice the analogy. See e.g. Thomas Jäger and Gerhard Kümmel, Private Military and Security Companies (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007), 22; Eugene B. Smith, "The New Condottieri and US Policy: The Privatization of Conflict and Its Implications," U.S. Army War College, Parameters, Winter 2002,
www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/02winter/smith.pdf, 104.

[26] Michael Mallett, Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy (Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1974), 22.

[27] Donald J. Kagay and L. J. Andrew Villalon (eds.), Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2002), 286.

[28] "Iraq Reviewing Security Firms After Blackwater Shooting," FoxNews.com, September 18, 2007,
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,297153,00.html.

[29] "The former Betsy Prince — Edgar and Elsa’s daughter, Erik’s sister — married into the DeVos family, one of the country’s biggest donors to Republican and conservative causes. (`I know a little something about soft money, as my family is the largest single contributor of soft money to the national Republican Party,’ Betsy DeVos wrote in a 1997 Op-Ed in the Capitol Hill newspaper Roll Call.) She chaired the Michigan Republican Party from 1996 to 2000 and again from 2003 to 2005, and her husband, Dick, ran as the Republican candidate for Michigan governor in 2006. Erik Prince himself is no slouch when it comes to giving to Republicans and cultivating relationships with important conservatives. He and his first and second wives have donated roughly $300,000 to Republican candidates and political action committees" (Ben Van Heuvelen, "The Bush administration’s ties to Blackwater," Salon, October 2, 2007, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/10/02/blackwater_bush/).
Cf. Robert Young Pelton, Licensed to Kill, Hired Guns in the War on Terror (New York: Crown Books, 2006).

[30] David Isenberg , "Corporate Mercenaries – Part 2: Myths and mystery," AsiaTimes, May 19, 2004, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FE20Ak02.html.

[31] David Isenberg, "Myths and mystery," Asia Times, 5/20/04. While in CIA, Bruner negotiated the deal for Ahmad Chalabi and the CIA to work together (Aram Roston, The Man Who Pushed America to War [New York: Nation Books, 2009], 76). Bruner later joined BGR and in 2007 became the full time chairman of BKI Strategic Intelligence. In 2004 Bruner participated with BGR and an Israeli PMC operative in a scheme to help re-elect George W. Bush. (Laura Rozen, "From Kurdistan to K Street," Mother Jones, November 2008,
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2008/11/kurdistan-k-street).

[32] Douglas Jehl, "Washington Insiders’ New Firm Consults on Contracts in Iraq," New York Times, September 30, 2003.

[33] Financial Times, 12/11/03. Ed Rogers, Diligence’s vice chairman, was one of George H.W. Bush’s top assistants when he was US president. On resigning from the White House, he negotiated a lucrative contract to act as lobbyist for the former Saudi intelligence chief and BCCI front man Kamal Adham, at a time when American and British prosecutors were preparing criminal cases against him. Rogers used Adnan Khashoggi as a go-between to secure the contract, which was canceled after White House criticism of it (Truell and Gurwin, False Profits, 362-64).

[34] Ibid. Cf. Mother Jones, March/April 2004: "More recently, Bush scored a $60,000-a-year consulting deal from a top adviser to New Bridge Strategies, the firm set up by George W.’s ex-campaign manager to "take advantage of business opportunities" in postwar Iraq. His job description: taking calls for three hours a week."

[35] "SAIC, which employs 44,000 people and took in $8 billion last year—sells brainpower, including a lot of the "expertise" behind the Iraq war….[SAIC is] a "stealth company" with 9,000 government contracts, many of which involve secret intelligence work" (Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, "Washington’s $8 Billion Shadow." Vanity Fair, March 2007,
http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/03/spyagency200703?currentPage=1).

[36] Barlett and Steele, "Washington’s $8 Billion Shadow."

[37] Barlett and Steele, "Washington’s $8 Billion Shadow: "Mark A. Boster left his job as a deputy assistant attorney general in 1999 to join SAIC, and was already calling Justice three months later on behalf of his new employers—a violation of federal law. Boster paid $30,000 in a civil settlement." Yet another PIC for a while was Interop, combining former CIA director James Woolsey and former FBI director Louis Freeh with former Mossad chief Danny Yatom (Rozen, "From Kurdistan to K Street).

[38] Charlie Cray, "Science Applications International Corporation," CorpWatch, http://www.corpwatch.org/section.php?id=17; cf. Barlett and Steele, "Washington’s $8 Billion Shadow."

[39] Barlett and Steele, "Washington’s $8 Billion Shadow."

[40] Fritz W. Ermarth, "Colin Powell’s Briefing to the Security Council: Brief Comments from an Ex-Intelligence Officer," In the National Interest, http://inthenationalinterest.com/Articles/Powell%27s%20UN%20Speech/Powell%27s%20UN%20speech%20ermarth.html. Ermarth’s remarks were also posted by Laurie Mylroie, "Fritz Ermarth, Iraq & Al Qaeda, In The National Interest," February 5, 2003, www.mail-archive.com/sam11@erols.com/msg00040.html.

[41] Anna Leander, "The Power to Construct International Security: On the Significance of Private Military Companies," Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 2005; 33; 803, emphasis added. At the time the Observer reported from " sources in the Bush administration" an allegation that "members of the al-Qaeda network, detained and interrogated in Cairo, had obtained phials of anthrax in the Czech Republic" ("Iraq ‘behind US anthrax outbreaks,’" Observer, October 14, 2001, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/14/terrorism.afghanistan6).

[42] Chaim Kaufmann, "Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas," International Security (Summer 2004). http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international_security/v029/29.1kaufmann.html. Neither SAIC nor Diligence is mentioned in his essay.

[43] Tim Shorrock, Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Intelligence Outsourcing (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 344.

[44] Julian Assange, “The spy who billed me twice,” Wikileaks, http://wikileaks.org/wiki/The_spy_who_billed_me_twice. The March 2009 Army manual “US Army Concept of Operations for Police Intelligence Operations” contains phrases such as "It [fusion] does not have constraints that are emplaced on MI [Military Intelligence] activities within the US, because it operates under the auspice and oversight of the police discipline and standards."

[45]  Phil Leggiere, “Napolitano Praises Fusion Centers.” HSToday, March 13, 2009, http://www.hstoday.us/content/view/7616/149/ .

[46] Assange, “The spy who billed me twice.”

Peter Dale Scott is a frequent contributor to Global Research. Global Research Articles by Peter Dale Scott

 

When China prepares its « Great Escape » from the dollar-trap for the end of summer 2009

- Excerpt GEAB N°34 (April 16, 2009) –

LEAP/E2020 believes that the next stage of the crisis will result from a Chinese dream. Indeed, what on earth can China be dreaming of, caught – if we listen to Washington – in the “dollar trap” of its USD 1,400-billion worth of USD-denominated assets? If we believe US leaders and their scores of media experts, China is only dreaming of remaining a prisoner, and even intensifying the severity of its prison conditions by always buying more US Treasuries and Dollars.
In fact, everyone knows what prisoners dream of. They dream of escaping of course, of getting away from prison. Therefore, LEAP/E2020 has no doubt that Beijing is constantly striving to find the means of disposing, as quickly as possible, of the mountain of « toxic » assets which US T-Bonds and Dollars have become, keeping the wealth of 1,300 billion Chinese citizens prisoner.
In any good escape story, the prisoners do not spend their time making announcements that they are preparing to get away. In fact, on the contrary, they tend to avoid arousing their guards’ vigilance. According to our team, the Chinese declaration of March 24th asking for the replacement of the US dollar by an international reserve currency was both a “testing of the waters” and a warning: a direct poll to make an assessment of the forces at work (within the G20 in particular) when it comes to moving to a post-Dollar era (1), and a constructive and destructive (depending of the reaction to the previous idea) warning sent to the various global players. A responsible player (and Beijing is one) must send discreet signals to the other players likely to follow or help “planning the job”. The preparation (2) and implementation of a « Great Escape » (3) requires the collaboration of several partners and no one who would have been willing to co-operate must end up in trouble because he was not informed (4).

Two estimates of Chinese Foreign Asset Growth (USD billion) – Sources: Central Bank of China / Brad Setser, 01/2009

In any event, thanks to the Central Bank of China’s “testing of the waters”, Chinese authorities have the following four beliefs confirmed:
1. A large part of the other members of the G20 are clearly in favour of a quick shift (5) to a post-Dollar era, in particular Russia, India, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil… therefore Beijing will not be alone when the time for a “Great leap forward ” (6) comes. On the contrary, China will be accompanied by a significant part of Latin America, Africa and Asia. The recent Yuan swap deals agreed with some of these countries is already paving the way in this direction (7).
2. The United States and the United Kingdom are refusing to consider any move in the direction of a post-Dollar era. Timothy Geithner’s blunder, when he considered discussing the Chinese proposal, was quickly corrected by US political leaders, but it revealed an interesting situation for Beijing. Geithner is Wall Street’s man in Obama’s team, and his blunder suggests that the financial Anglo-Saxon community would in fact be quite open to discussing any move likely to maintain their financial privileges, even if it means the end of the “Dollar era”. The « Dollar wall » is not so solid when it leans on « Wall Street ». Financial players have little attachment to a particular territory (this characteristic dates back to long before our current globalised system). In contrast, Washington still does not want to hear anything about the replacement of the US Dollar as global reserve currency, preferring to listen to and believe in soothing experts’ talk instead (8). We know what the result was in the case of subprime loans, the financial bubble, Wall Street’s banks, AIG, TARP, the recession, and so on.
3. The Europeans (except UK) are their usual selves, unable to make any really firm decision with regard to their former US protector (9). They are successful in resisting Washington’s orders, but they are not able to impose an agenda that would displease the United States. Nevertheless, thanks to their multilateral nature and numerous relays, it is obvious that, once the end of the « Dollar-era » has become irreversible, they would bring all their know-how and lobbying capacity to bear the creation of a new international currency, independent of any particular country. That is the reason why China launched the idea that the SDR (10) could be an alternative to the Dollar, proving that it was open to other suggestions than the Yuan (key condition for European support in the future).
4. Beijing is resorting to increasingly clear and bold announcements, always gradual, sometimes even followed by vague denials, coming from less important sources but soon widely circulated by the international financial media. It is thus increasing its freedom of speech (and of action, as, when it comes to monetary issues, what is said can be a lethal weapon or a soothing remedy) without significantly affecting the value of US Treasuries or the Dollar.
This last aspect is indeed the ultimate requirement of the Chinese government: to avoid by any means a collapse in the value of US Treasuries and the Dollar before it has escaped the « Dollar trap ». LEAP/E2020 believes that, in the coming months, China will reveal the exact meaning of this requirement. Is it a goal or a necessity? If it is a goal, then Washington, London and the international financial media are right: Beijing will follow in Washington’s footsteps, merely trying to enhance its influence on US decisions. On the contrary, if it is a necessity, then our team is right and Chinese leaders will strive to sell off their US-Treasuries and Dollars at the best « possible » price, choosing the best « possible » moment, avoiding creating turmoil likely to lower the value of these assets for as long as « possible » (of course, China has been thinking about all the « possibilities » before launching its « escape » plan). But, in contrast to the first option, once all “possibilities” have expired, Chinese leaders will all of a sudden contribute to accelerate the end of the Dollar-era; or, more likely, they will calmly announce that for a number of reasons beyond their control (11), they can no longer continue to play the role of US imbalances’ stabilizers.

Chinese US asset purchases vs. Chinese estimated reserve per category of US assets (green: Treasuries and deposits / Blue: Government Sponsored Enterprises (Fannie Mae, Freddy Mac, etc) / Yellow: Corporate bonds/equities / Red: Annualized estimated reserv

When China prepares its « Great Escape » from the dollar-trap for the end of summer 2009

By Brian Roberts

Article 2 in Series, Restoring Freedom: An Entrepreneur’s Perspective – click here for part 1

Washington is selling servitude.

• We watched as they destroyed the financial sector by forcing banks to give loans to people that could not afford them… then they stepped in to “save the day” by gaining direct control of our financial sector.
• We watched as they destroyed a once powerful automotive industry through excessive regulation and labor union control… then they stepped in to “save the day” by gaining direct control of our automotive industry.
• We listened as they verbally assaulted capitalism when government regulations were to blame.
• We watched as they asked the American people to fund a $1 trillion dollar stimulus bill, they yelled emergency as they slipped cash from our children’s pockets to their political allies.
• We watched, as they worked to destroy the rule of law by arbitrarily dictating revised terms to legal contracts and installing a Supreme Court justice that promotes social justice over rule-of-law.
• We know, they intend to control our children, it’s written in the GIVE Act.
• We know, they intend to control our resources, it’s written in the Cap and Trade Bill.
• We know, they intend control of our very lives, it’s written in the Health Care Bill.
• We know, they intend to control our votes, the 2010 census is now controlled by the white house and the ones registering voters are corrupt
• We watch and wait as they install unaccountable czars for dictating  not representing
• We watch and wait as they increase “organizer” funding from millions to billions of our tax dollars. And we wonder how these groups will be used to steal our life, liberty and property from us.

The fifth sentence of the Declaration of Independence states, “But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.”

Our product of freedom is competing with an illegal product. The federal government does not have the constitutional authority to sell servitude. It’s that simple. The 10^th amendment positions our competitor as an outlaw and recent actions in Washington reaffirm this claim. This brings us to our first point of strategic significance:

A movement based on the 10^th amendment is undeniably lawful and moral.

Washington is selling servitude. On fundamental issues, we the people are no longer represented by our national politicians. Our political leaders do not respect the people. They do not bother to read bills that steal away our money and freedom, but then they support these bills aggressively. They set up final votes at midnight in hopes that we do not notice the theft. They pit us against one another by highlighting trivial, but polarizing issues. When the people scream for a solution that doesn’t fit their personal quest for power they shelve the debate instead of making changes that would benefit the people. Despite this disrespect, many national leaders stay in office forever and when real opportunities arise to fill seats with true freedom oriented candidates, the establishment candidates step up, promote and install new big government-types that are mirror images of themselves. It is about personal power not representation. Washington is selling servitude.

Now, thinking like an entrepreneur, Washington used to be a strong ally in our quest to sell individual freedom. Together, we sold freedom to the world and earned the honorable title of “The shining city on the hill”. However, they have now decided to sell servitude. Washington has become a lost distribution channel for our product. Yes, they still want to offer our product, but only so they can do a bait and switch routine and create more customers for servitude. If we continue with these dynamics then the market share for servitude will quickly dominate the market share for freedom. And further compounding our problem, the federal government is a strong distribution channel and finding other channels that can compete is a challenge. To solve this problem, we need a game-changer, something that will expand our more loyal distribution channels while limiting theirs.

The 10^th amendment states, “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” This one sentence if effectively used to counter federal power can quickly shift power back to a more local level.

A movement based on the 10^th amendment fundamentally changes the political landscape in favor of individual freedom.

Washington is selling servitude. Democrats are selling it outright as if servitude itself was a great product. Most Republicans are packaging it with just a dose of freedom so it goes down a little smoother. But when it comes to the fundamentals like smaller government and individual freedom neither party in Washington is representing us consistently. Both parties are using a horizontal marketing approach and this leaves “we the people” out. Let me explain.

In product marketing, you can position products for sale through a horizontal channel or a vertical channel. The national parties have broad horizontal platforms that work great when selling servitude because it allows them to pick and choose which “selling point” to highlight, which “product deficiencies” to hide and which controversial product features they can use to distract from the outright bugs in their product offering.

If you seek to bring a revolutionary product, such as freedom, to market then vertical marketing is key because it has the ability to capture a significant market share quickly and with minimal budget. The key to success is based on focus.

By focusing on a singular message our demands for more localized control of government will quickly be adopted in positions held by local politicians, followed by state politicians who are emboldened by a loud voice beating the same drum. Whether state politicians are driven to our message by greed or ideals the result is the same, a new ally with a legal precedent to counter federal abuse of power. This can happen in a dramatic way in the next election cycle.

A movement based on the 10^th encourages a state government, accountable to the people locally, to challenge the federal government directly.

So how does this all tie together? Dual-power is the sharing of power between the federal government and the state government. This was a fundamental check on power that was envisioned by our founders and written into the Constitution and Bill of Rights.

Over the last 100 years, through judicial decisions, constitutional amendment and by simply ignoring it, the 10th amendment has been watered down significantly. Much of this can be changed if the people demand these changes with clarity. If the message is not clear, the the federal government will appease the population with trinkets of freedom but maintain the power to sell more and more servitude.

The 10^th goes right for the jugular of federal power, it changes the overall dynamics and it does this through a legal means. A movement based on the 10th clearly has large strategic value in and of itself. The 10th also delivers strong tactical value on how to bring freedom to market. Next…

• Take Action Today – Find a 10th Amendment Group in Your Area
• Which Side are you on: Jeffersonian or Hamiltonian, by Murray Rothbard
• Destroying the Constitution by Claiming Everything is Commerce

Brian Roberts is the President and a founder of an innovative software company in Texas. He has joined the tenth amendment movement as the meetup organizer of Texas Tenth Amendment Center. Follow Brian on Twitter, bcroberts_99.

Additional Reading:

1. Crossing the Chasm to Freedom
2. The Pincer Movement

If you enjoyed this post:

Click Here to Get the Free Tenth Amendment Center Newsletter,

 

http://grassroots.tenthamendmentcenter.com/washington-in-selling-servitude/

Mises Daily by George Reisman | Posted on 8/6/2009 12:00:00 AM

 

1. The Medical Crisis and the Need for Radical Procapitalist Reform

For decades the cost of medical care has risen relative to prices in general and relative to people’s incomes. Today [1994] a semi-private hospital room typically costs $1,000 to $1,500 per day, exclusive of all medical procedures, such as X-rays, surgery, or even a visit by one’s physician. Basic room charges of $500 per day or more are routinely tripled just by the inclusion of normal hospital pharmacy and supplies charges (the cost of a Tylenol tablet can be as much as $20). And typically the cost of the various medical procedures is commensurate. In such conditions, people who are not exceptionally wealthy, who lack extensive medical insurance, or who fear losing the insurance they do have if they become unemployed, must dread the financial consequences of any serious illness almost as much as the illness itself. At the same time, no end to the rise in medical costs is in sight. Thus it is no wonder that a great clamor has arisen in favor of reform – radical reform – that will put an end to a situation that bears the earmarks of financial lunacy.

Such a reform has been proposed by the Clinton administration. The essence of its plan is to control the rise in medical costs by a combination of controlling the various prices charged by the providers of medical care and the kinds and quantities of medical care that they can provide. In the plainest language, the Clinton administration’s proposed solution to the problem of ever rising medical costs is price controls and rationing. [This applies to all proposals for government-mandated cost controls, including, of course, those of the present, Obama administration. There is simply no way for the government to limit medical costs except by limiting the prices and/or kinds and quantities of medical care provided.]

I will have a great deal to say in criticism of the Clinton administration’s proposal later on. Here I want to stress that I do not believe that the most important or fundamental objective that must be accomplished in connection with the Clinton plan is to explain why it should be rejected. It certainly should be rejected. But the mere rejection of the administration’s proposal will serve only to maintain the status quo. The status quo with respect to medical care does not deserve to be preserved. It does bear the earmarks of financial lunacy. It does call for reform – for radical reform. The question is, what kind of radical reform?

For over a century, virtually all proposals for economic or social reform have been based on the thoroughly mistaken philosophical and theoretical foundations of Marxism, and have aimed at the ultimate achievement of a socialist society, in the belief that socialism represented the most rational and moral system of mankind’s social organization. On the basis of this conviction, individual freedom was progressively restricted and the power of the state progressively enlarged. Individual freedom – laissez faire capitalism – was assumed to be a system of chaos and of the exploitation of the masses by the capitalists. The onslaught of the socialists (who in this country call themselves "liberals") – the step-by-step achievement of their political agenda – encountered virtually no philosophical resistance. Not surprisingly, again and again, the "liberals" defeated their ill-equipped conservative adversaries, who at most could only delay their advance. The victories of the "liberals" were inevitable because it was a battle of men with the seeming vision of a better world that could be achieved by means of intelligent human effort based on a body of ideas (however mistaken those ideas were), against men who, while they valued the relatively free world they saw around them, had no significant philosophical or theoretical knowledge of how to defend it.

In the last few years, some of the most profound and fundamental changes in the political and intellectual history of mankind have taken place. The philosophy of socialism and the economic theory of Marxism have been recognized as a blatant failure almost everywhere, and have been abandoned by tens of millions of former supporters. All over the world, the cry is heard "no more socialism!" One socialist regime after another has recognized the chaos and tyranny of socialism and has become dedicated to the achievement of a capitalist society. Thus, the intellectual base and the driving force of American "liberalism" has largely disintegrated.

Considered against this backdrop, the Clinton administration’s proposal for the government’s takeover of medical care in the United States appears as a ludicrous anachronism. It reads like the work of twentieth-century Rip Van Winkles who have been sleeping since the 1930s and who have not had a chance to read the newspapers. In effect, America’s politicians and intellectuals who support the proposal are still riding a train that more intelligent people the world over have recognized can take them nowhere but to hell and have therefore jumped off.

In contrast, while the philosophy of Marx and Engels is dying, the philosophy of Locke and Jefferson, and Adam Smith, that is, the philosophy of individual freedom and capitalism underlying the American Revolution – the philosophy which, ironically enough, was the original meaning of the word liberalism – has been reborn. It has been reborn first and foremost at the hands of Ayn Rand in political philosophy and of Ludwig von Mises in economic theory, both of whom have enormously strengthened it. This philosophy of individual freedom, of the inviolability of individual rights, of the benevolent functioning of an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and the profit motive – of capitalism – calls for a radically new political agenda. It calls for a political agenda that progressively rolls back the interference of the state and progressively enlarges the freedom of the individual. This is now what political philosophy and economic theory at their highest levels of development recognize to be the essential means of solving social and economic problems. Movement in this direction – in the direction of individual freedom from government interference – is henceforth to be regarded as the standard of what is to be considered progress in the realm of political action.

It is on the basis of this newly resurgent, radically different political philosophy and economic theory – this philosophy and theory of individual rights and capitalism – that I explain the causes of the present crisis in medical care, criticize the Clinton plan, and present the appropriate solution and how to achieve it.

2. The Right to Medical Care and the Causes of the Medical Crisis

The causes of the present crisis in medical care, namely, its runaway cost, which the Clinton plan is intended to address, can all be subsumed under one essential heading: the government’s violation and/or perversion of the individual’s actual, rational right to medical care.

I use the concept of "rights" in the sense in which Ayn Rand uses it, and in which, at least implicitly, John Locke and the Founding Fathers of the United States used it. (See Ayn Rand’s essay "Man’s Rights," which appears in two of her books: The Virtue of Selfishness and Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal.) That is, not as an arbitrary, out-of-context assertion of claims to things or to obligations to be filled by others, but as pertaining to the actions an individual must take in order to live – as moral principles defining and sanctioning his freedom to take those actions. The only way that the individual’s freedom, and thus his rights, can be violated is by means of the initiation of physical force against him – that is, by the use of guns and clubs against him, in the form of the government’s threat to dispatch the police if he does not obey irrational laws. This is what stops him from taking the actions necessary to serve his life. Rights are a moral injunction to the whole rest of society – including, above all, its government – not to interfere with the individual’s freedom to take the actions that serve his life. They exist on behalf of the individual and are directed against the rest of the world. They are the means of subordinating the whole of society to the requirements of the moral law of each and every individual serving his own life.

It should go without saying that in serving his own life, each and every individual is morally obliged to respect the right of others to be free from any initiation of physical force on his part. This is implicit in the right of each to be free from the initiation of physical force by the whole rest of the world. In exercising his own rights, therefore, the individual is not to violate the essential right of anyone else to be free from the initiation of physical force by him. This means that insofar as any individual’s exercise of his rights entails the cooperation of other people, their cooperation must be obtained voluntarily. An individual has no right to exercise any alleged right that would entail the initiation of physical force against others and thus the violation of their rights. There is no right to violate anyone else’s rights.

The exercise of man’s right to life means simply that he has the right to take whatever actions are necessary to sustain and promote his life or further it in any way. For example, in the simple conditions that prevailed on the American frontier in the nineteenth century, he has the right to clear land, build a cabin, hunt game, grow crops, and so on. In the more complex conditions of life in modern society, in which he is surrounded by other people, insofar as his taking any such actions entails the cooperation of others – notably, the use of their labor or property to serve his life – his proper and necessary means of obtaining their cooperation is to trade for it. For all practical purposes, this means that he obtains the cooperation of others by selling his labor or goods for money and then using the money to buy the labor and goods of others. Buying and selling become an integral part of the exercise of one’s rights in any modern society. Buying is the means whereby one enlists the intelligence and skills and the wealth and property of others in the service of one’s life. Selling is the means whereby one provides others with the benefit of one’s own intelligence and skills and wealth and property in the service of their life and thereby obtains the means of buying. Thus, in the conditions of life in a modern, division-of-labor society, the right to free exchange, the right to the freedom of contract, becomes an essential aspect of the exercise of the right to life. It is at the base of the exercise of the right to life under conditions in which individuals mutually cooperate, to mutual advantage, in promoting their lives. It is at the base of the exercise of the right to life that enjoys the overwhelming advantages of life in a division-of-labor society.

The right to free exchange and the freedom of contract becomes an essential aspect of all rational rights to things. Rights to things exist only in the context of the freedom of exchange and the freedom of contract. To take some examples, an individual has no such thing as a right to a job as such. He has a right only to those jobs voluntarily offered by employers. His right to employment is violated not when he cannot find an employer who is willing to employ him, but when he can or could find such an employer and is prevented from doing so by the initiation of physical force. His right to employment is violated when, for example, an employer who would otherwise choose to employ him is prevented from doing so by the government’s imposition of a racial or sexual quota which compels the employer to hire someone else instead. His right to employment is violated by the government’s minimum-wage laws and prounion legislation, which latter makes possible the imposition of artificially high wages for skilled and semiskilled labor. Every rise in wage rates above the free-market level serves to reduce the quantity of labor demanded below the supply available and thus to prevent people from being employed. The legislation that makes this possible thus represents a violation of the right to employment in the sense of the right to accept employment that employers would be willing voluntarily to offer.

Similarly, no one has the right to such a thing as a house as such. What one has is the right to buy a house, or to buy the things necessary to build it. One’s right to a house is violated not when one cannot afford to buy or build a house, but when one could afford to buy or build a house if one were not forcibly prevented from doing so. The right to housing is violated by such things as zoning laws, arbitrary building codes, minimum-wage and prounion legislation, protective tariffs on the import of construction materials or construction equipment – by any initiation of physical force that artificially increases the cost and price of housing and thereby prevents people from obtaining housing who otherwise could have obtained it from willing providers.

In exactly the same way, the right to medical care does not mean a right to medical care as such, but to the medical care one can buy from willing providers. One’s right to medical care is violated not when there is medical care that one cannot afford to buy, but when there is medical care that one could afford to buy if one were not prevented from doing so by the initiation of physical force. It is violated by medical licensing legislation and by every other form of legislation and regulation that artificially raises the cost of medical care and thereby prevents people from obtaining the medical care they otherwise could have obtained from willing providers. The precise nature of such legislation and regulation we shall see in detail, in due course.

This then is the concept of rights, and specifically of rights to things, that I uphold. One’s rights to things are rights only to things one can obtain in free trade, with the voluntary consent of those who are to provide them. All such rights are predicated upon full respect for the persons and property of others. This is the concept of rights appropriate to rational human beings living in a civilized society. Henceforth, I shall refer to it as the rational concept of rights.

In sharpest contrast, the concept of rights held by the great majority of our contemporaries, especially the great majority of today’s intellectuals, is a concept characteristic of savages, that is, of people who have not grasped the principle of causality and the fact that wealth must be produced, who believe instead that wealth appears as though by magic, and that they have a claim to it by the mere fact of needing it or wishing for it. This concept of rights I shall refer to as the need-based or wish-based concept of rights. It exists in full contradiction of the rational concept of rights and entails the complete violation of all rational rights. It is a concept of rights whose literal meaning is "I want it and therefore I’m entitled to take it."

According to this concept, people do have rights to jobs, houses, and medical care as such, just by virtue of needing or desiring them. Since a job entails the payment of money by the employer to the employee, and typically the provision of the use of part of the employer’s premises to the employee, the notion of a right to a job as such – that is, with or without the employer’s consent – implies an alleged right to take an employer’s money against his will and to occupy his premises against his will, that is, an alleged right to trespass on his property and to rob him. Similarly, since a house, or any other material good, is a product of human labor, the right to a house as such implies a right to compel other people to build one a house, whether they wish to or not. It is tantamount to claiming a right to forced labor on their part. Finally, in exactly the same way, the alleged right to medical care as such implies an alleged right to force others to pay for one’s medical care against their will or to force the providers of medical care, such as doctors and hospitals, to provide it against their will. It thus implies an alleged right to medical care as a right to steal and enslave. All such alleged need-based or wish-based rights are a contradiction of genuine, rational rights, which exist precisely as a moral sanction of the individual’s freedom from such outrages.

I have said that the causes of the present crisis in medical care can all be subsumed under the heading of the government’s violation and/or perversion of the individual’s right to medical care. By this last, I mean its use of the alleged need-based right to medical care rather than the actual, rational right to medical care as the basis of various policies it has adopted over the years. Seen in this light, the origins of the present medical crisis go back all the way to the government’s establishment of various forms of medical licensing as early as the nineteenth century, and the subsequent increase in licensing requirements it has imposed in the course of this century.

The essential nature of medical licensing is forcibly to exclude from the market a more or less sizable number of individuals and organizations who otherwise would be willing providers of medical care. Such legislation violates the right to medical care by depriving the buyers of medical care of the services of these willing providers. It is both a violation of the freedom of competition of those providers and, by the same token, the bestowal of a monopoly privilege on those to whom the government grants licenses. It deprives the buyers of medical care of the benefit of the additional supply of medical care that would be provided by the excluded competitors and forces them to deal only with the government-protected medical monopolists. The inescapable effect of such legislation is to make medical care scarcer and more expensive. The principal victims of such legislation are necessarily those who can least afford any rise in prices, namely, the poor. (I will deal with the essential rationalization offered in favor of medical licensing later.)

Ironically, the main driving force behind medical licensing has always come from within the medical profession itself, many of whose members have sought the monopoly privileges that licensing bestows and thereby the artificial rise in their own incomes that it makes possible. There is nothing that should be surprising in this. It simply means that physicians have often acted in the same mean spirit as carpenters or plumbers who form coercive labor unions, farmers who seek government subsidies, or businessmen who seek protective tariffs. It is an expression of the mentality that underlies most government intervention into the economic system, namely, the mistaken belief that it is possible to serve one’s self-interest by means of the initiation of physical force against others, coupled with a willingness to serve it by such means. Such a policy is irrational and ultimately self-destructive. Indeed, its self-destructiveness is illustrated precisely by the plight of today’s physicians. For what is ironic in the fact that physicians have been the driving force behind medical licensing legislation is that, in effect, they first sent around to others precisely what has more recently been coming around to them, namely, the violation of individual rights in the field of medicine. The effects of medical licensing have played a major role in encouraging demands for socialized medicine and the threat to the rights of physicians that socialized medicine represents.

Medical licensing has played into the hands of the advocates of socialized medicine precisely by making medical care scarcer and more expensive, thereby reducing the amount of medical care obtained, particularly by the poor. Because the effect of medical licensing was greatly to increase the difficulties of poor people in obtaining medical care, socialized medicine was perceived as all the more necessary. It was a classic case of what von Mises describes as prior government intervention serving as the cause of problems used to justify later government intervention, this time against the beneficiaries of the prior intervention.

The essential goal of socialized medicine is that the individual should be relieved of financial responsibility for his and his family’s medical care. Medical care should be provided to him without charge by the government, paid for out of taxes. To this extent, allegedly, his life will be worry free, because the government will take care of him. Medical care will simply come to him according to his need, paid for by others, presumably according to their ability. It should be obvious that such an arrangement entails the utter perversion of the right to medical care. The right to medical care ceases to be the individual’s right to take the actions required to secure his medical care – namely, to buy it from willing providers. Instead it becomes an alleged right to the fruits of others’ labor and ability, with or without their consent, for that it is the only way it can be obtained if the individual himself is not to pay for it and yet is to have a right to it merely because he needs it. As I have shown, its existence is in direct contradiction of all actual rights, which center precisely on the individual’s freedom from involuntary servitude.

The first major direct step toward the establishment of socialized medicine in the United States came about in connection with World War II’s price and wage controls. The price and wage control authorities typically refused to allow wage increases, just as they typically refused to allow price increases. In the case of wages, however, they made an important exception. They allowed employers to pay for medical insurance on behalf of their employees. Although the medical insurance constituted an additional labor cost to the employers and thus from their perspective was indistinguishable from a rise in wages, the price control authorities did not regard it as a wage increase and therefore allowed it. The income tax authorities also did not regard it as a wage increase and therefore did not tax it. The employees too did not regard it as an actual wage increase either. They regarded matters from what must be called the rather magical perspective of believing simply that their medical needs would be met and that they would not have to pay for it.

After World War II, in the remainder of the 1940s and in the early 1950s, coercive labor unions made employer-financed medical insurance a standard part of their contract demands. Even most nonunion employers were compelled to provide it, in order to avoid giving their employees a reason to unionize. Thus, by the end of the 1950s, employer-financed medical insurance had become the prevailing method of meeting medical expenses throughout the American economy. This is how the system of medical insurance we know today came into being.

Of course, not all medical insurance plans were or are exactly the same. Some require of the worker no out-of-pocket payment of any kind for medical expenses. Others have imposed some kind of relatively modest annual deductible, such as $100 or $200, which the worker has had to pay before payment by the insurance company begins. A common practice has also been that the employee pay some share of the medical expenses beyond the deductible, typically 20 percent of the amount of the expenses up to some rather modest maximum limit, such as, at present, $5,000 (which means a maximum limit of $1,000 as the employee’s own additional contribution).

It cannot be stressed too strongly that this system of medical insurance contains essential features of socialized medicine. And that, as we shall see, is why our problems in connection with medical care have gotten progressively worse since World War II, as the present system of medical insurance was extended and people became more and more acclimated to it.

A leading socialist feature of the system is that the typical wage earner has been led to regard medical care as essentially free, either completely free or virtually completely free, or, at most, 80 percent free after a modest deductible and then completely free after a relatively modest maximum limit on his own outlays. Thus, the psychology of the average American worker in relation to the cost of medical care has become the same as if he were living under communism. For all practical purposes, medical care comes to him simply according to his need for it. This situation is both based upon and reinforces the perverted notion of the right to medical care as a right divorced from considerations of what one has earned and can afford to pay and of the willingness of suppliers to satisfy one’s need out of regard to their own financial self-interest. As I say, under the system of medical insurance of the last forty years or so, medical care appears to come to the average wage earner almost as though by magic, on virtually no other basis than that he needs it.

The present system also shares with socialism – with communism – the further, corollary feature that for all practical purposes the individual’s burden (the actual financial cost of his treatment) is borne by a large group – a more or less giant collective. Thus, when an individual with medical insurance undergoes procedures with a cost of $10,000, say, he personally may pay nothing at all or, at most, perhaps $1,100 or $1,200; the entire rest of the cost is spread over the group as a whole. And if the individual undergoes medical procedures with a cost that is twice as great or ten times as great, the cost to him, if anything at all, will still be no more than $1,100 or $1,200, and the much larger remaining total will be spread over the group as a whole.

This is a system of collectivism. For all practical purposes, it is the same as exists under communism or socialism. Although called medical insurance, it is actually a hybrid of insurance and collectivized medical costs. It is insurance only insofar as it provides for the meeting of extraordinary, catastrophic medical expenses. For the rest, it is a system simply of collectivized medical costs.

True, this system exists for the most part in an environment of privately owned business firms and is financed for the most part by those business firms. But when one recalls how the system was started and how it was spread, namely, by price-control officials and by coercive labor unions, and that throughout the years it has been deliberately supported by a discriminatory tax policy in its favor, one must characterize the system as imposed and maintained by the government, and not as a product of the competitive processes of a free market. Furthermore, as will become apparent later on, additional forms of government coercion serve to maintain the system by making it financially prohibitive for most people to step outside of it. Thus, the system is socialistic in the further essential respect that it is the product of government coercion, not of voluntary choice.

Now this collectivistic system of governmentally imposed "private" medical insurance is the leading cause of the continuous rise in medical costs that we have experienced. To help my students understand this point, I ask them to imagine that after class they all go out together for a meal somewhere, on the understanding that the check will be divided evenly, irrespective of what anyone orders. I explain how this will greatly affect what they order.

I point out, for example, that someone who might be thinking of choosing between, say, a $3 hamburger and a $15 steak, will now be much more inclined to order the steak. This is because instead of the additional cost to him being the full difference of $12, which it would be if each student had to pay his own check, the additional cost to him will now be perhaps just 50¢, that is, it will be the additional $12 divided by 24 (which happens to be the usual number of students in my class). I point out that to the extent that the students behave this way, the size of the total check must increase. Obviously, if what all 24 students ordered were affected in this way, the size of the check that each of them would have to pay would end up being $15 instead of $3, because each of them would experience the effect of 23 other students shifting 50¢ of their additional costs to him. In other words, it would be a situation of mutual plunder, in which all would lose.

I explain how even if things did not start out quite this bad, the dynamics of the situation would tend to make them end up this way, if such meals were made a regular event. I point out that because the students are a relatively small group and know each other to some extent, and probably have some personal regard for each other, many of them might be unwilling to take advantage of the others and thus would order as they normally would, perhaps even more conservatively than they normally would. But all it takes is that a few of them take advantage of the situation. In that case, at the next such outing, some of those who had shown restraint the first time will follow the lead of those who hadn’t and also take advantage of the situation. Soon self-restraint will be regarded as serving merely those who are unwilling to practice self-restraint.

Even if this kind of outcome might be avoided in a small group of individuals all of whom possessed both high regard for one another and high standards of personal responsibility, it is certain that in a group consisting of thousands, tens of thousands, or millions of total strangers, the only possible outcome will be a sharp increase in total costs. Here one can benefit oneself greatly at virtually no significant cost to any other single individual, who is anonymous in any case. In a group of a hundred thousand people, for example, an additional expense of $1,000 incurred on behalf of any given individual means an additional expense of just 1¢ to each member of the group.

Indeed, in the context of today’s system of medical insurance, the way most individuals seem to look at matters is that any additional expense incurred on their behalf is not an additional expense, however small, to other individuals, even anonymous individuals, but merely an additional expense to a rich insurance company, which, they believe, is growing continually richer and can well afford any additional expense.

By the mid-1960s, the collectivization of medical costs imposed by the government had created severe new problems. The rising demand for medical services it had created was pricing medical care more and more beyond the reach of the poor and the elderly. At this point, the government added further intervention to its earlier intervention, namely, the Medicaid and Medicare programs.

These programs, of course, represent a more extreme collectivization of costs for the particular groups they cover. The medical costs of the poor and elderly are charged to the account not of a collective representing the membership of a given private insurance plan, which may range from the thousands to the low millions, but to the account of the country as a whole, that is, a collective representing more than a hundred million taxpayers.

The collectivization of medical costs, both under government-imposed "private" medical insurance and under Medicaid and Medicare, raises medical costs in a variety of ways, each of which deserves consideration. In each instance, the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care – that is, an alleged right to medical care that entails a claim on other people’s wealth or labor, which must be met with or without their consent – is what underlies both the collectivization of medical costs and the concomitant loss of the individual’s personal financial responsibility. In this way, it is a perverted notion of the right to medical care that is fundamentally responsible for the rising cost of medical care. The following are the specific ways in which this is the case.

1. The potential for a limitless rise in the price of medical services

Insofar as medical services or facilities are limited in supply, the notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of medical costs to finance it create the potential for a limitless rise in the price of medical services. To understand this, imagine an auction. There are a large number of units of some good for sale. But there are not enough units for sale to satisfy all the bidders for all of their requirements. Thus some bidders must go away empty handed, or at least with fewer units than they would like. (As I indicated before, there could have been a larger number of units for sale, but the government does not let them on to the floor of the auction. It keeps them out by means of licensing legislation.) To the extent that the equivalent of the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care prevails at this auction and the individual is relieved of financial responsibility by virtue of being able to charge his bids to a collective, there is simply nothing present to stop the rise in the bidding. No matter how high prices go, people still assert their alleged right to the item and go on meeting or exceeding ever higher bids, in the knowledge that their bid will be paid for by their collective. If this is an auction market for medical services, they go on bidding in the knowledge that their bids will be paid for by their insurance company or by the government. The only people who are eliminated from the bidding are those who lack medical insurance or the medical coverage of some government program. The rise in prices only stops if there are enough uninsured bidders who can be made to drop out of the bidding so that, for the moment at least, the insured ones can be satisfied.

Of course, when this situation was reached in the 1960s, and it was the uninsured poor and elderly who had to drop out of the bidding, the government soon stepped in to remedy the situation by making additional billions available for them, through the Medicaid and Medicare programs, so that they could carry on in the bidding for the supplies its licensing legislation had artificially reduced. Then, of course, the uninsured bidders who had to drop out of the bidding were drawn from a higher economic rank, namely, the lower middle class. This was because the rise in prices fueled by the government’s injection of still more funds into the medical market now surpassed their financial ability to pay.

Understanding these facts, incidentally, should make clear why the Clinton administration’s current proposal to force employers to provide medical insurance for the 37 million Americans who remain uninsured, leaves absolutely no alternative but price controls and rationing as the means of controlling costs. This is because if virtually everyone is now to have the need-based right to medical care and have his bills sent to the collective for payment, there will be absolutely no limit to the bidding and the rise in prices unless the government restricts the medical care he is allowed to have and determines the price that is to be paid for it. Try to imagine, for example, a situation in which there are 100 units of a supply available and 137 bidders, each of whom would like to have one unit of that supply and is in a position to send the bill for his bid to the government. The rise in cost to the government can only be controlled if the government imposes some kind of limitation on the amount anyone is allowed to bid for in this manner, such as 100/137 of a unit of the supply, and refuses to allow anyone to attempt to buy more by raising his bid even with his own money, because that too would increase the cost to the government.

(It is true, of course, as critics of the Clinton plan point out, that many of the uninsured are so for only a relatively short time, and that approximately half of them are under 26 years of age. While these facts mitigate the severity of the medical crisis in comparison with what it appears to be if the figure of 37 million is taken without these qualifications, the situation is still extremely serious. It still means that at any given moment there are 37 million people, or the close relatives of many of them, who are exposed to needless financial devastation in the event of a serious illness. In addition, it still means that if the Clinton plan is enacted, not only will the demand for medical care rise correspondingly, but also the potential will be created for a limitless rise in the price of medical care in the absence of extensive government controls restricting its use.)

2. The potential for a practically limitless increase in the quantity of medical care demanded

The notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of medical costs to finance it create the potential for a practically limitless increase in the quantity of medical care demanded. When visits to doctor’s offices are made free or almost free, the frequency of such visits increases. More importantly, physicians quickly come to realize that there is little or no financial cost to the patient as the result of the course of treatment they prescribe. The result is an enormous increase in the volume of medical tests, hospitalizations and the length of hospital stays, and of surgeries and other medical procedures. Usually, there is some genuine value to be gained from these things. They represent additional precautions or are objectively desirable in some other way. It is just that there is no longer any consideration of the costs involved. The situation is comparable to individuals who need to buy some kind of automobile, say, being relieved of the responsibility of having to pay for it, and so being placed in a position in which the automobile they choose is a very expensive top-of-the-line model. In such conditions, the patient does gain something additional, and so do the medical providers, who are placed, in effect, in the happy position of automobile salesmen dealing with customers for whom the sky is the limit. In such circumstances, the potential for medical cost increases is truly stupendous. It has no fixed limit. For example, there are some 2,000 different possible tests of a patient’s blood that can be performed without harm to the patient and from which useful information can be derived. If each of these tests had a cost of just $1, the total cost, if all 2,000 tests were applied to everyone in the United States, would be more than $250 billion per year. Under the system that has prevailed since World War II, it is only a question of time before such cost increases actually take place, unless they are deliberately prevented by outside action. There is nothing in the system itself to stop them, and everything to encourage them.

This is because at each step, it is others who bear the costs. In the case of Medicare and Medicaid patients, the patients and the providers gain at the expense of the government and thus, ultimately, the taxpayers. In the case of privately insured patients, the patients and the providers gain at the expense of the medical insurance companies and ultimately at the expense of the general consuming and wage earning public. Consumers or wage earners are the ultimate victims of the higher medical costs because the resulting rise in medical insurance premiums charged to employers raises the production costs of goods and services and therefore their selling prices. The rise in selling prices results in reduced quantities demanded of goods and services. This in turn causes unemployment, because employers will not go on producing what their customers will not buy. To prevent the unemployment, wage increases that would have taken place must be foregone in order to limit the rise in costs and prices and thus the decrease in quantities of goods and services demanded.

The effects I have just described are, of course, rarely if ever recognized. All attention has been directed to the effect on the cost of medical care to the uninsured, to the government, and to "society." The reality, however, is that the average insured wage earner, who believes he suffers no ill effects from the present system so long as he keeps his job, is actually a major, unseen victim of the system. This is because his take-home wages would be a good deal higher than they now are, as well as the price of medical care being radically lower than it now is, if the present system had not been adopted. The average insured wage earner is in the position of the students I described earlier who end up paying $15 when what they actually wanted to order cost only $3. In effect, instead of paying $3 out of their own pocket, their employer pays $15 that he deducts from the wages they could have had. Indeed, this understates their loss, because, as I showed a few paragraphs back, a closely related effect of the system is to raise the price of a unit of medical care insofar as the system fosters a process of more intense bidding for limited supplies. Thus the $15 that is taken out of the average worker’s wage buys much less than it would have bought if he himself had actually wanted to spend $15 on medical care, because in that case he would not have encountered the competition of an artificially induced increase in demand for medical care. In addition, the $15 ends up buying less for all of the further reasons that are described in the discussion that follows.

3. Irrational medical malpractice awards

The notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of medical costs to finance it are largely responsible for the growing problem of irrational medical malpractice awards. They imply that what the patient is entitled to is nothing less than medical care that is state of the art. This follows because if a person’s mere need for medical care is what entitles him to it, then if his need is better served by more expensive medical care than by less expensive medical care, he is entitled to the more expensive medical care. If his need is best served by the most expensive medical care, then that is what he is allegedly entitled to. In this way, medical care that is anything less than state of the art comes to constitute malpractice – because it represents giving the patient less than his medical need allegedly entitles him to. Indeed, courts have found physicians guilty of malpractice for so much as considering their patient’s financial circumstances in determining their course of treatment.

The fear of being the object of a malpractice suit leads physicians to practice what has come to be called "defensive medicine." This is the practice of prescribing tests and procedures not because they are objectively necessary in the circumstances, but merely in order to provide documentation that will serve to protect the physician in the event of a subsequent malpractice suit, and which thus can serve to prevent such a suit from being brought. Defensive medicine has been estimated to account for more than one-third of the total cost of health care. (See Leonard Peikoff, "Medicine: The Death of a Profession" in Ayn Rand, The Voice of Reason [New York: New American Library, 1988], p. 304.)

4. Perverting technological progress into a source of higher costs rather than lower costs

The notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of medical costs to finance it are responsible for the perverse effects caused by new technology in the field of medicine. In virtually every other field – automobiles, computers, farming, whatever – improvements in technology represent a combination of higher quality and lower real cost. Thanks to improvements in technology, we now obtain far better goods than we used to and have to devote much less of our working time to being able to earn the money to buy any of them. Today, for example, thanks to improvements in technology, the average worker works perhaps forty hours a week and is able to buy with the wages he earns the array of goods that quantitatively and qualitatively constitutes today’s average standard of living. A few generations ago, the average worker worked sixty hours a week and received much less in terms of the goods he could buy with the money he earned. Thus, calculated in terms of the amount of labor that must be expended to earn a unit of goods, the effect of improvements in technology has been progressively to reduce the price of everything. That is, because of improvements in technology, people have been able to obtain virtually everything for the expenditure of progressively fewer and fewer hours and minutes of their labor than in the past.

Medical care, in the last few decades, is the exception.

The only reason it is the exception is the existence of the notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of medical costs to finance it. If there were a notion of a need-based right to computers, say, and the collectivization of the costs individuals incurred to buy computers, then improvements in computer technology would have the same perverse effect. Then the development of every improved computer chip, hard drive, monitor or whatever would immediately be accompanied by an immense demand. Everyone who could benefit from such things would want them, in the knowledge that he could have them at little or no cost to himself, because the collective would pay.

Improvements in technology do not have such effects in the case of computers or any other good besides medical care for the simple reason that people must buy these goods with their own money. Thus they weigh the benefits against the costs. To the extent that new technologies are expensive, the initial buyers are confined to those who value them above their high price. In the case of consumers’ goods, this means both people with a relatively great, intense need or desire for the item rather than people with a relatively modest need or desire for the item, and richer people rather than poorer people. The buyers are those who have the greatest combination of need and desire and wealth and income. In the case of capital goods, the initial buyers are confined to those in a position to derive a monetary gain from the improvement that is substantial enough to justify paying its high cost.

As the item develops a market, and experience is gained in producing it, its cost of production tends to fall and its quality to improve. Competition, even the mere possibility of competition, also operates very powerfully to reduce costs and prices and improve quality. In this way, on the basis of falling prices accompanied by improving quality, the new technologies become more and more affordable and thus reach wider and wider markets. They enrich the growing number of individuals who can afford to buy them and thus "society as a whole," which is comprised of nothing but its individual members. They certainly do not impoverish "society," as people ignorant of economic principles frequently allege to be the case with regard to improvements in medical technology.

Very often, the effect of the falling prices and improving quality is to enlarge the quantity of the new goods that people buy to such an extent that they spend more and more in total on the industry that produces them, with the result that the industry comes to account for a growing proportion of the so-called gross national product or gross domestic product. This, of course, is what happened in the case of the automobile industry in the first several decades of this century, and, more recently, in the computer industry. In a free market, advances in medical technology could also have such an effect. That is, they could be responsible for medical care coming to represent a growing proportion of the economic system, but if so, it would be on a foundation of progressively falling real costs of medical care (that is, progressively falling costs calculated in terms of the hours and minutes of labor required to earn the money to pay for any given amount of medical care).

Thus the problem of medical care today absorbing more and more of people’s incomes in conjunction with improvements in technology, and at the same time becoming more and more expensive rather than less and less expensive, is in no sense the result of improvements in technology. It is the result of nothing but the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care and the resulting collectivization of payment and loss of individual financial responsibility that it engenders. This is what makes new medical technologies into a source of higher costs rather than the cause of lower costs.

5. The very high prices of many patented prescription drugs

The perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of medical costs to finance it help to explain the very high prices of many patented prescription drugs. The prices of goods enjoying patent or copyright protection, or which are produced under a unique, secret technology – that is, the prices of goods whose sellers need not fear direct competition – are set with regard to what economists call the elasticity of demand. This is a measure of the extent to which charging a higher price results in a reduction in the quantity of the good that people are prepared to buy. Sellers of such goods do not want to set the price so high that the reduction in sales volume outweighs the rise in price. They set a price or prices that are low enough to enable them to retain the bulk of their volume. (This often entails price discrimination – that is, charging different prices for the same or substantially the same good to buyers in different parts of the market: a higher price or higher-priced version in the high-income end of the market and one or more lower prices or lower-priced versions in the lower-income segments of the market.)

It follows that to the extent that the market comes to be made up of buyers for whom price is no object, because they are covered by today’s private medical insurance companies or by government programs, the price that it is profitable to charge is correspondingly increased. This is because to that extent, the higher price does not operate to reduce the quantity of the drug demanded. Thus the incentive is created to charge a higher price. At the same time, various prohibitions against price discrimination serve to prevent the offering of lower prices or lower-priced versions to those who lack insurance and are outside of the government programs. Today, if a drug company offered a lower price or lower-priced version to anyone, the government and many or most of the private insurance companies would almost certainly demand that they too obtain the benefit of the lower price or lower-priced version. Thus, the offering of a lower price or lower-priced version to any segment of the market does not pay, and the result is that everyone is confronted with artificially higher drug prices. (These observations, made with respect to the domestic market of the United States, are confirmed by the recent furor caused by newspaper reports of the availability of lower drug-prices in Mexico.)

The fact that I have stressed the role of the alleged need-based right to medical care in raising drug prices should not be understood as minimizing the role played by arbitrary FDA regulations that delay and inhibit the introduction of new drugs. These are responsible for the average new drug that is introduced having a development cost and thus price, far in excess of what market conditions require.

6. Hospitals wasting money in the purchase of unneeded costly equipment

The perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of medical costs to finance it are also responsible for the phenomenon of hospitals being able to waste vast sums of money in the purchase of costly equipment from which they derive relatively little use. In any other industry, if companies buy expensive equipment that they use insufficiently, they lose money, or at least make less money than they could have made. Buyers of their products are not willing to reimburse them for their wasteful expenditures. As a result, they try to avoid the practice, and quickly stop if they make such a mistake. But when the buyer is a nonprofit collective with unlimited access to the resources of the taxpayers, namely, the United States government, and pays according to the sellers’ costs – in this case, the hospitals’ costs — whatever those costs may be, then there is no reason for the sellers to limit their expenditures. The same result exists if private, for-profit buyers are legally obliged to pay rates that cover the sellers’ costs whatever those costs may be, which is the position that the private medical insurance companies have been in, in relation to hospitals.

The government’s response in such circumstances is to take control of the expenditures the sellers are allowed to make. This is why hospitals in many states are now required to have a so-called certificate of need from the government before being allowed to make any significant-sized equipment purchase. The situation is analogous to what prevails in the case of farm subsidies. There the government has obligated itself to buy farmers’ crops at an artificially high price. In order to limit its expenses, it controls the amount of acreage the farmers are allowed to plant, or requires that they possess a license to grow the crop. (In practice, certificates of need have thus far only been imposed by state governments, which are mandated by federal law to pay for substantial and rapidly growing costs under the Medicaid program, and which are responsible for finding the funds with which to do so on their own.)

It should be realized that the government can also be motivated to impose restrictions on hospitals’ purchases of equipment even in conditions in which the purchases are entirely necessary and appropriate. To the extent that the hospitals’ patients are served for free, at the government’s expense, the restrictions on the purchases appear from the government’s perspective simply as a saving of cost – that is, as a saving of cost unaccompanied by any reduction in revenue. The patients are worse off, but from the government’s perspective all that happens is that its cost is less.

7. Below market Medicaid rates and cost shifting

The perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of medical costs to finance it are also responsible in the last analysis for the rise in medical costs that takes place as the result of the practice adopted by many state governments of keeping their schedule of allowable Medicaid charges substantially below the prevailing market level. This is a practice, which, like that of requiring certificates of need, has been adopted for the purpose of controlling federally mandated state government expenditures under the Medicaid program. It is a practice which has led to many physicians refusing to accept Medicaid patients, because of inadequate compensation. In the case of hospitals, which cannot refuse to accept Medicaid patients when they appear in the emergency room, the result has been a correspondingly greater rise in the costs charged both to private medical insurance companies and to the federal government under the Medicare program. The process is known as cost shifting. That is, to the extent that the hospitals’ costs are not reimbursed by the Medicaid program, they are shifted in the form of higher charges to patients covered by private insurance companies or the Medicare program. Private patients who are not insured are also confronted with higher charges on account of this shifting of costs. (The same kind of cost shifting occurs insofar as hospitals are legally compelled to accept other patients with no means of paying.)

Since the mid-1980s, when the Medicare program adopted the policy of payment according to "diagnostic related groups" (DRGs), cost shifting has intensified. Now Medicare payments also frequently turn out to be inadequate to cover the costs of treatment. This inadequacy is added to the insufficiency of Medicaid payments. The inadequacy is further compounded to the extent that private insurance companies have adopted the DRG standards of payment. The total, combined shortfall is then passed along to the remaining patients, above all, the uninsured.

8. Bureaucratic interference with medicine and the rise in administrative costs

As we have seen repeatedly, the effect of the alleged need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of costs to finance it, is to make the cost of medical care rise beyond all bounds. But as the last two points of discussion indicate, sooner or later the continuous rise in medical costs encounters resistance – not from the great majority of individual citizens to whom everything still appears to be free, but from the officials of the collectives that must meet the ever rising charges. Thus, in an effort to limit the rise in costs, more and more bureaucratic controls are introduced by all the various collectives that must pay the costs. Under the controls, the insurance companies and the government agencies administering the Medicare and Medicaid programs must be kept advised of every step of the treatment of each of the patients insured or covered by them. A mountain of paperwork develops. The filing of all the various bureaucratic forms is inevitably accompanied by frequent haggling back and forth on a case by case basis between physicians and hospitals, on the one side, and the insurance companies and federal and state governments, on the other. The inevitable further result is another major source of higher medical costs, namely, a sharp rise in administrative costs. While the rise in administrative costs is less than the altogether boundless rise in costs that would otherwise take place, it is nonetheless very substantial in its own right, and represents a further loss to the general public that must be charged to the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care. (A rather seamy, related aspect of the collectives’ attempt to control costs is the apparent practice of some private insurance companies of "losing" many of the insurance claims submitted to them or of suddenly finding the need for additional, often irrelevant information. These are ruses designed to postpone payment and thus reduce the pressure of cost increases outstripping rate increases. This, of course, adds further to administrative costs by making the physicians, hospitals, and clinics who are claimants, go to the trouble of repeatedly refiling or amending their claims.)

In addition to everything that can be traced specifically to the perversion of the right to medical care, there is the impact on the cost of medical care of government regulation in general. Alleged safety regulations, environmental regulations, labor regulations, and so on all add more or less substantially to the cost of medical care, just as to the cost of everything else. Probably, they have added more to the cost of medical care than to the cost of most other things, because of the lack of buyer resistance that the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care engenders in the field. For example, the resistance to the employment of unnecessary workers in connection with union featherbedding practices is certain to be less in hospitals to the extent that the hospitals know they can pass the extra cost on to the insurance companies or to the government.

Thus, in all of these ways, the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care, that is, an alleged right to medical care with or without the consent of those who are to pay for it or provide it – that is, an alleged right to medical care as entailing a right to steal and enslave – has progressively raised the cost of medical care. It and it alone is responsible for the crisis of the ever rising cost of medical care. At the same time, as the corollary of its destructiveness, this perverted notion of the right to medical care has systematically undermined the actual, rational right to medical care. This cannot be stressed too strongly. In each and every instance in which it has raised the cost of medical care, as explained under the eight points I have listed, it has represented a case in which individuals who could have afforded to buy medical care from willing providers have been prevented from doing so by the initiation of physical force. In other words, therefore, it is the government’s violation of the actual, rational right to medical care that is equally responsible for the crisis in medical care.

In view of all this, it is difficult to decide which is the more astonishing: the utter ignorance of all of the above facts Mrs. Clinton revealed in her declaration that "On psychological as well as economic grounds, some form of discipline [i.e., price controls] in a marketplace that, frankly, has had none, seems to us a feature that needs to be there as a backup," or the fact that Mrs. Clinton has somehow managed to acquire the reputation of being an expert on the subject she has been spending so much time speaking about lately. It should be obvious to anyone who can understand even the barest essentials of economic theory, that the cause of the crisis in medical costs is precisely the philosophy of collectivism and government interference Mrs. Clinton advocates and now wants to extend further. (Mrs. Clinton’s statement appeared in the Orange County Register, Oct. 10, 1993, p. 2.)

3. The Clinton Plan

The Clinton plan seeks to solve the problems created by government interference with medicine up to now by adding further, even more destructive government interference with medicine. While the effect of the government’s violation and/or perversion of the individual’s actual, rational right to medical care – namely, his right to buy it from willing providers – has thus far been more and more to restrict that right and to undermine its value by making it more and more expensive to exercise, the Clinton plan would destroy the rational right to medical care altogether. It would substitute for the present, very bad situation, characterized by a semi-private room in a hospital costing $1,000 to $1,500 a day, the much worse situation in which the medical care one seeks and is willing and able to pay for cannot be obtained at all, because the government refuses to allow those who would provide it to do so. The Clinton plan seeks nothing less than to deprive the citizen of his essential right to use the offer of money as the means of obtaining the medical care he wants and instead to make him dependent on the medical care the government is willing to allow him to have.

Inasmuch as we have had essential features of socialized medicine for many years, the Clinton plan should not be thought of as representing the inauguration of socialized medicine in the United States. It should, however, be thought of as representing a more extreme, fuller-bodied, and uglier form of socialized medicine than we have had thus far. It should be thought of, in effect, as socialized medicine discarding the ballerina shoes it has been parading around in up to now, and replacing them with a pair of hobnailed boots – as taking off the velvet glove and revealing a mailed fist.

Up to now, under the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of costs to pay for it, the government has essentially allowed individuals to obtain as much medical care as they and their physicians have deemed necessary or appropriate. Under the Clinton plan, the government, through a "National Health Board," will henceforth decide what medical care is to be provided and by what methods. Through a set of quasi-public bodies known as "regional alliances," the government will determine what it pays for medical care. These "alliances" are to "negotiate" with insurance companies, which henceforth are to be the providers of medical care, in the manner of present-day health maintenance organizations such as Kaiser Permanente or Cigna. Every American citizen is to be compelled to join a government-approved insurance plan. All the plans will offer a uniform set of medical benefits and operate under the guidance of the National Health Board. Funding for the plans is to come mainly from the present-day employer-financed health insurance premiums. The so-called regional alliances are, in effect, to tax away these premium payments and use them themselves to pay the insurance companies. Large corporations – those with more than five thousand employees – may constitute themselves as "corporate alliances" and deal with the insurance companies directly, as they do now.

The essential purpose of the Clinton plan is to reduce spending for medical care in the United States at the same time that it brings 37 million presently uninsured individuals under the umbrella of the alleged need-based right to medical care. Thus 37 million additional individuals are to be placed in a position in which medical care will appear to be free. (I must digress to point out that a significant number of these individuals will also become unemployed, as their employers, who until now have not paid health-insurance premiums, are compelled to pay a major new and additional employment cost in the form of a medical payroll tax that the regional alliances will collect on these individuals’ alleged behalf. The results must be the same as those produced by a rise in the minimum wage or in union scales, namely, a reduction in the quantity of labor demanded and thus unemployment.)

The quantity of medical care demanded will rise correspondingly, with this enlargement of the number of those eligible to receive it as an alleged need-based right. At the same time, financing to meet the demand for medical care is to be reduced. Indeed, the Clinton plan aims to reduce spending for medical care on behalf of those presently covered by employer-financed health insurance plans to such an extent that when the savings from the medical insurance premiums are paid over to the employees as additional wages, the federal government’s tax collections on the wage earners will go up by $51 billion. (New York Times, Sept. 21, 1993, p. A13.) If you realize that the extra federal taxes the workers will pay are on the order of 25 percent of their additional incomes, the implication is that the Clinton plan contemplates slashing something on the order of $200 billion or more from medical spending on behalf of today’s insured wage earners.

It should be obvious that under such conditions, no other outcome is possible but shortages and rationing, for there will be a vast increase in the quantity of medical care demanded and, at the same time, a major decrease in the financial resources made available to meet the demand.

Doctors’ offices will fill up. Long waiting lists will develop for practically every type of medical procedure. As in Canada today, more people will die on the waiting list for heart surgery than on the operating table. (See Imprimis, November 1993, p. 3.) The more expensive kinds of procedures will be performed much less frequently, if at all, and their place will be taken by lower-cost, less reliable or less effective alternatives, as every provider of medical care is placed on a limited budget and obliged to treat the collectivity of his patients within the limits of that budget. In this connection, no one should be fooled by the fact that the Clinton plan promises the continued existence of traditional fee-for-service medical practitioners and free choice among them. They too will be placed on strict budgets and their methods of treatment closely monitored and controlled by the government in its efforts to limit expenditures for medical care. No one should imagine that the additional $1,140 per year or less that this variant of medical insurance is to be allowed to cost under the Clinton plan will enable anyone to obtain significantly more medical care than the member of the typical HMO-type scheme that is envisaged. (The proposed cost to the individual for the fee-for-service type plan is a maximum of $1,500 per year versus $360 per year for the HMO-type plan. The HMO-type plan also requires a $10 copayment for each visit to a doctor’s office.) And even the allegedly continued legal right to choose one’s physician will be lost once the demand for his services comes to exceed his ability to render them and he is prevented from restoring balance between demand and supply because he is prohibited from raising his rates or raising them sufficiently to do so.

In following the less expensive medical procedures, the physician will be legally safe, irrespective of the effect on the individual patient, so long as his treatment is within the parameters of appropriate treatment to be set forth in detail in various "Practice Guidelines" that are currently in preparation by the government. These "Practice Guidelines" will be the bureaucratic rule books that, when strictly followed, will be the physician’s protection against the charge that he failed to do as much as he might have done for the health of his patients. At the same time, it will be against the law for patients to offer physicians or other medical care providers additional fees in order either to get to the head of a waiting list or to secure the more effective but costlier methods of treatment they may require by enabling the providers to go beyond their fixed budgets. Indeed, the Clinton administration’s Health Security Preliminary Plan Summary, published by the U.S. Government Printing Office, notes, ominously, that among the plan’s provisions are "New criminal penalties for health care and for the payment of bribes or gratuities to influence the delivery of health services and coverage" (p. 4).

Thus, physicians are to be reduced to the level of postal clerks, deterred by the threat of criminal penalties from providing the medical care an individual patient needs and is willing to pay for, and at the same time, by the very same set of facts, the individual patient is to be rendered impotent to secure the medical care he needs and is willing to pay for. This interposition of brute government force between physician and patient, this utter destruction of the real, rational right to medical care, is what the Clinton plan has in store for the American people. As I have already said, what is present here is an attempt to deprive the citizen of his essential right to use the offer of money as the means of obtaining the medical care he wants, and instead to make him dependent on the medical care the government is willing to allow him to have. Such a situation represents a government gun aimed at the heads of the citizens, preventing them from securing their health and their lives by the exercise of their own free judgment and that of their freely chosen physicians.

Despite these facts, President Clinton claims that his plan will preserve individual choice and provide medical care that is as good or better than that now provided, but will do so for everyone in the United States, and will do so for less money than is now spent for medical care. Whenever anyone hears these claims, he should remember the claim this same gentleman repeatedly made before his election – that he would enact a tax cut for the middle class. These latest claims of his have even less to do with reality.

Among the areas of medical care likely to suffer the most under the Clinton plan are those which represent the leading edge of medical technology. Of necessity, these almost always begin with a relatively high cost. In addition, their full importance and range of application is often not seen for some time. A system dominated by bureaucratic routinists is not conducive to their encouragement, even apart from the fact that their introduction under the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care operates, as we have seen, sharply to increase spending for medical care, which is the very thing the government wants to avoid. Thus it is not accidental that, in it its efforts to control medical expenditures, the Clinton plan makes virtually no provision for the introduction of major new medical technologies. The plan’s contemplated restrictions on the profitability of new drugs will also strongly operate against progress in medical technology.

Another leading candidate for cutbacks in medical care are the aged. The cost of treating them is high, and their remaining years as taxpayers are few, if any. It is not accidental that in Great Britain, for example, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for people over the age of fifty-five to obtain coronary-artery-bypass operations, and that elderly people with a broken hip are likely to die before they reach the top of the waiting list for such operations.

Even the Clinton plan’s much vaunted goal of reducing administrative costs will not result in any genuine saving. The administrative costs under the present system are not accidental. They are necessitated by the need to deal with the mountains of claims made on the system by patients and practitioners proceeding under the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care and who are attempting to collect their due under that alleged right. Any administrative cost savings that will be achieved will be of the character of the post office or motor vehicle department not having enough clerks to serve the lines of waiting customers, or of the practice of various government agencies of not answering their telephones. Moreover, any such cost savings will almost certainly be dwarfed by the enormous additional costs of having to deal with the claims of the 37 million presently uninsured individuals who are to be brought into the system by the Clinton plan.

As to the claim that the Clinton plan fosters competition, which will operate to reduce the cost of medical care, one need only bear in mind that what the Clinton plan envisages as competition is "managed competition" – an oxymoron if ever there was one. The meaning of managed competition – i.e., competition controlled by the government – is precisely that there is no freedom of competition. What is admitted into the market is only what the government wishes to allow. The actual description of such a situation is monopoly – that is, presence in the market is made a matter of the grant of government privilege; the market is reserved to the exclusive possession of those the government wishes to allow to be in the market, while all others are excluded by means of the government’s threat to fine or imprison them, that is, by its threat to initiate the use of physical force against them. Under the Clinton plan, the decision of which insurance companies will be allowed in any given market will be made by the quasi-governmental "regional alliances."

Thus the "competition" the Clinton plan envisages is competition among providers operating within its guidelines of medical treatment and to the satisfaction of its regional alliances. The medical insurance companies are to compete in delivering medical care at the lowest cost within these parameters. Individual citizens are then to choose among the medical insurance companies allowed to compete by the regional alliances.

In the framework of this kind of "competition" – that is, monopoly – the operation of the profit motive is likely to turn out to mean the realization of some of the worst nightmares collectivists and socialists have about the effects of the profit motive, for the Clinton plan makes the source of profit nothing other than the withholding of medical care from the sick. An insurance company will be the more profitable, the more consistently its treatment methods conform to the minimum standards allowed by the government’s "Practice Guidelines." In fact, the arrangement is nothing less than a formula for near murder. This is because so long as an insurance company both complies with the practice guidelines and turns in an overall performance record that is judged to be statistically satisfactory, it has absolutely no reason to make the substantial additional expenditures that may be necessary in individual cases to save a human life. At the same time, of course, the individual whose life is at stake is prohibited from offering the insurance company or its practitioners additional money of his own to obtain the medical care he requires.

This monstrous system operates to draw even the individual physician into its deadly game by paying him a flat fee per patient, a so-called capitation fee. It thereby creates an economic incentive for the physician to do as little as possible for the patient, indeed, to have as many patients as possible with as few illnesses as possible. Those are the ways a physician can earn the highest income under the Clinton plan, because in such ways, he receives the same revenue and has the lowest costs. In fact, the kind of "medical care" that can be expected if the Clinton plan is enacted is less and less actual medical care and more and more efforts to avoid sickness by promoting so-called "wellness," such as through attempts to change patients’ "lifestyles." The logic of the arrangement implies that what can be expected instead of medical care is hectoring on behalf of the latest health fads concerning diet, exercise, and stress.

Indeed, it is difficult to imagine a worse arrangement than one in which one’s well-being and very life are made to depend on the largesse of necessarily indifferent government officials who will pay a given amount on one’s behalf to some other set of strangers for one’s total medical care and who then pretend that the problem of one’s care is provided for, while the individual himself is prevented from going out and offering money for his care – more money for more care – and thereby enlisting the self-interest of others in his care.

President Clinton describes his proposed little red, white, and blue card that every American will have to carry as the "National Health Security Card." He has said, "With this card, if you lose your job or you switch jobs, you’re covered…. If you leave your job to start a small business, you’re covered. If you’re an early retiree, you’re covered." The card, according to Mr. Clinton, represents the security of insurance "you can never lose." (New York Times, September 23, 1993, p. 1.)

The truth is, as the present discussion confirms, that the individual has no security of medical care when he is deprived of his essential right to buy medical care, and his medical care is placed in the hands of the government. Under such conditions, his medical care is as secure as that of a convict.

Individual cases and the lives of individuals do not matter to the authors of the Clinton plan. The Clinton plan is founded upon and spurred on by an unchallenged mentality of collectivism and statism, which regards the United States and its people as the property of the government. It is from this perspective that its intellectual supporters and alleged experts complain about the growing percentage of the "gross national product" that is devoted to medical care and about the deprivation of other, allegedly more important uses for the additional share of funds devoted to medical care, such as "education." They look upon the income and wealth produced by tens of millions of separate individuals in the United States and properly belonging to those individuals separately and individually, as though it resided in one giant pot, whose disposition was not to be decided by the individuals to whom it belongs, but by the government. By the same token, they regard the people of the United States not as separate, free and independent individuals, with the right to make their own, free and independent choices on behalf of their own individual well-being, but, in effect, as human livestock, whose work and wealth, indeed, whose very lives are to be devoted to the fulfillment of the government’s plans. (Unfailingly, each of the alleged intellectuals and experts always assumes that the government will act according to his particular plan and not according to any plan he may not like. In effect, he projects himself upon the lives and destinies of his fellow citizens as though he were the government, or, what is the same thing, the trusted adviser whose advice the government will automatically always follow. In regarding his fellow citizens and their property as the government’s property, he implicitly regards them as his property.)

It is on the basis of their mentality of collectivism and statism that the authors of the Clinton plan seek to impose a system of medical care on the American people that will be determined not by individuals acting for their own self-interest with the help of the best their money can buy, but from on high, by considerations of the nation’s medical spending in relation to its gross national product. These considerations, as interpreted and applied by the proposed National Health Board, will extend their tentacles from the nation’s capital out into the examining office of every doctor and into every hospital and operating room by means of governmentally imposed fixed budgets and "Practice Guidelines." They will determine the course of treatment that is deemed appropriate in the individual case that stands before the physician or that is to lie before him on the operating table. Thus, the life of the individual patient and the thinking and planning of the physician in the service of the individual patient’s life are no longer to be what medicine is about. Instead, it is to be about "national priorities" and considerations of nationwide medical spending in relation to the gross national product. This is an utter perversion of the art of medicine. It is an utter perversion of what the United States of America and its Constitution and Bill of Rights are about. The Founding Fathers of the United States did not create this country so that someday a generation of descendants would so debase themselves as to welcome the prospect of living as serfs on a vast, transcontinental feudal estate presided over by President and Mrs. Clinton.

With their constant pandering to people’s fears of insecurity and their pretended offer of an escape through the abandonment of the remnants of individual freedom in the area of medicine, the Clintons and their propaganda retinue seek to exploit human weakness. They are attempting to lead masses of fearful and ignorant people into a situation of the profoundest danger to their very lives with the siren song that whoever finds facing the world on his own to be too difficult, has only to give up the struggle and let the government – the jailer – take care of him. Put yourself in the hands of the government, they say, and then you don’t have to worry, you don’t have to think about how to provide for your medical needs. The government will do it for you. Never mind that it is precisely the government’s taking care of things that has made life in this area so difficult. Just close your eyes and look forward to the security you will have with the little red, white, and blue card.

Yes, I say, learn to close your eyes a little further and you can look forward with pleasurable expectation to all the security you might have if the little red, white, and blue card guaranteed you food, clothing, and shelter, along with medical care. What the Clinton plan is offering is exactly the same kind of illusory security as offered under communism – the security of rightless serfs, which means: not security, but miserable poverty and insecurity. Poverty and insecurity are the results in any and every area of life in which the individual loses the right to pursue his own self-interest by means of meeting his needs through buying from willing sellers, who are motivated by serving their self-interests. Poverty and insecurity will be the results in medicine if the Clinton plan is enacted.

All of the essential criticisms made of the Clinton plan apply to the current "Obama plan." It too seeks to add tens of millions of people to the collectivized medical "insurance" rolls while at the same time sharply reducing overall expenditure for medical care by means of force. This can have no other result than taking away much of the medical care presently received by millions of people. The care received by the elderly will almost certainly be a prime target.

4. The Free-Market Solution

The actual solution to the problem of runaway medical costs lies in the precise opposite of the direction chosen by the Clinton plan. It is not the final destruction of the individual’s rational right to medical care, which is what the Clinton plan would achieve, but the restoration and full implementation of that right – that is, the removal of all government interference that stands between buyers and sellers of medical care or in any way causes medical care to be more expensive than it otherwise would be.

In economic terms, the solution is the establishment of a market in medical care that is open to all comers and is dominated by buyers and sellers operating with their own money when acting in their individual self-interest. On the one hand, in such a market – provided that it is free from government interference – the cost of medical care is as low as the prevailing supply of human talent and state of capital accumulation, technology, and competition make it possible to be, and is headed still lower by virtue of further capital accumulation, technological progress, and competition. On the other hand, however, medical care always still has a cost, and the need to take into account costs that come out of one’s own pocket automatically eliminates wasteful, uneconomic medical care.

Thus, insofar as the market is free, individuals prepare themselves for and enter those particular occupations and industries in which, other things being equal, they can earn the most. In this way, the supply of human talent flows to where the buyers need and want it the most, as demonstrated by their willingness to pay for it the most. If all branches of the market are legally open to all comers, no field in which wages or profits are higher is deprived of talent by virtue of the necessary talent being confined to other fields where wages or profits are lower. Thus, in the case of medical care, everyone tends to enter the field if his talents are more valued in the provision of medical care than in the provision of other services he is capable of rendering. In other words, medical care attracts all the talent it is capable of attracting short of the point of asking individuals to give up more remunerative uses for their abilities in other occupations. This is true both of medical care in general and each of its specific occupations, from nurse’s aide to brain surgeon.

As a further matter of economic principle, the same freedom of occupation that enables each individual to maximize his income, simultaneously serves to minimize the price of all services requiring relatively scarce talents. This is precisely because of the presence in such occupations of the largest possible number of those capable of performing them consistent with their own self-interest. Thus, under the freedom of occupation, the prices of the relatively scarce special talents that are necessary to provide medical care would be as low as they could reasonably be rendered. For example, individuals who are presently compelled to remain as pharmacists but who have the ability to be physicians, would be attracted by the higher income of physicians and become physicians. The effect of the larger supply of physicians would be to reduce the fees of physicians.

As I have indicated, all this is in sharpest contrast to the conditions that exist under medical licensing. Under those conditions, a more or less considerable portion of the relatively scarce talents required to provide medical care is forcibly denied entry into the field and made to work at lower incomes in other lines. By the same token, the prices of medical services and the incomes derived from their rendition are kept artificially high. For example, the pharmacist with the ability to be a physician is forced to remain as a lower-paid pharmacist, with the result that the fees and incomes of physicians are kept artificially high.

This is the appropriate place to deal with the rationalization offered in defense of medical licensing, namely, that it is necessary to assure the quality of medical care by imposing high minimum standards for its practitioners. The truth is that the standards imposed by licensing legislation are largely arbitrary and serve to exclude many competent providers from the market and correspondingly to deprive the buyers of their services. As far as medical licensing legislation does achieve any actual elevation of minimum standards of medical care, it is analogous to the effect that would achieved by imposing an arbitrarily high minimum standard for the kinds of automobiles that could be driven on the roads. If such a minimum standard required, for example, that no car could legally be driven that was more than five years old, say, there would undoubtedly be some improvement in the quality of the average car on the road. At the same time, a substantial number of perfectly good, useable automobiles would be kept off the roads. Again, the principle victims, of course, would be the poor, who could afford the older cars, but not the newer, more expensive ones.

It should be realized that as far as any actual guarantees of medical quality are required by means of various forms of certification, a free market is fully capable of providing them. No one would be able to claim the possession of degrees or certificates he had not actually earned. Such action would be fraud and severely punishable. Indeed, the members of the various state medical licensing boards around the country could constitute themselves into private certification agencies and give or withhold their seal of approval to individual medical practitioners on any basis they wished. They would simply lack the power to make the absence of their particular seal of approval the basis of fining or imprisoning anyone who chose to practice medicine without it. The consumers of medical care, who presently retain the right to judge the qualifications of the state governors and legislators who are responsible for the appointment of the members of the medical licensing boards, would decide for themselves the value of certification by this or that organization. They would decide on the basis of considerations analogous to their choice of distinct brands of all kinds of products. Indeed, if ordinary men and women are to be allowed to vote in elections in which their votes ultimately determine the most complex matters of foreign and domestic policy, and thus where their decisions affect not only their own lives and those of their immediate families but also the lives of everyone else in the country, then surely they are entitled to the responsibility of determining matters pertaining exclusively to their own well-being. In reason, it is only if they are capable of doing this that they can be presumed capable of voting on matters that affect others. The mentality underlying licensing is a mentality that holds that government officials do not derive their powers from the governed but are a race of men apart from and above the citizens, men who are intellectually and morally superior to the citizens. Such a mentality has no place in the United States. It should not exist even in Prussia or Russia.

As I have shown, in the absence of licensing legislation, a free market operates to optimize the use of human talent and to render the use of relatively scarce talent, such as that required in medicine, as economic as possible. In addition, because a free market is ruled by the profit motive and the freedom of competition, it brings about a combination of improving quality and lower cost of virtually all products and services, including medical care. It does so by making it especially profitable to introduce improvements in quality and efficiency. Competition then operates to reduce the special profits of the innovators to conform with the general, average rate of profit in the economic system. The result is that the consumers get progressively improved products at prices corresponding to progressively falling costs of production.

Because it is difficult to see this principle at work in the field of medicine today, as the result of all the cost-increasing elements that government intervention has brought about, I will give an example of it in a different field, namely, the automobile industry. Thus, the first automobile company to introduce an effective, affordable self-starter made an exceptionally high rate of profit, because it gained a substantial volume of business at the expense of its competitors. By the same token, the first automobile company to produce its cars by means of moving assembly lines or with interchangeable mass produced parts made exceptional profits because it gained a major cost advantage over its competitors while being able to sell at prices as high as its competitors. But when competition made self-starters and the use of such improved methods of production the normal standard of the industry, no company could any longer make a special profit by having them. It would have been driven out of business by massive losses if it had failed to adopt such advances. The ultimate effect of the process was simply that the consumers got better automobiles at lower prices. An additional effect of the process was that to go on making a high rate of profit, it was necessary for an automobile company to introduce further such innovations, with the result that the consumers got progressively better automobiles at progressively lower prices.

These principles apply to all industries, including medical care. It is on their foundation that until about twenty-five years ago (when the American economy was finally overwhelmed by growing government interference), the average American worker was able to obtain more and more, practically every year, in terms both of the quality and the quantity of the goods he could buy with the money he earned for his work, even as the hours in the work week progressively fell. These principles underlie the improvements in the standard of living ascribable to technological progress in a free market, which I discussed earlier. It is on exactly this foundation of the profit motive and the freedom of competition that under a free market in medical care and the financial responsibility of the individual, a progressive improvement in quality and decline in the real cost of medical care too would take place, and, indeed, did take place over most of our history.

In a free market the affordability of medical care is progressively increased not only by cost-cutting improvements that take place within the field of medical care itself, but also by cost-cutting improvements that take place throughout the rest of the economic system. The latter type of cost-cutting improvements enable people to have more and more funds available to pay for medical care, inasmuch as they reduce the funds required for the purchase of other things. Within the field of medical care itself, cost-cutting improvements take place by virtue both of labor-saving improvements and by virtue of the kind of progress in medical technology and improvements in medical equipment that make it possible for people of lesser intelligence and education to accomplish results that previously only people of greater intelligence and education could accomplish. A recent example of the first type is that of the development of fiber-optic technology and its application to surgery, which has made it possible to perform various surgical procedures on an outpatient basis rather than requiring more or less extensive hospitalization. Similarly, again and again the development of improved pharmaceuticals accomplishes major reductions in the need for hospitalizations and surgeries. Examples of the second type are the development of various forms of equipment of a kind that can be operated and whose results can be interpreted by people of far less intelligence and education than is required by physicians. Such developments, in making the time of physicians available for other things, are virtually equivalent to an increase in the supply of the scarce talents physicians possess.

Finally, in a free market, medical care is purchased by each individual patient only when and to the extent that the apparent need for medical care outweighs its cost. At every step of the way, starting with the initial decision of whether or not to seek medical care in the first place, the course of treatment is determined in the light of the cost of the treatment and the patient’s financial circumstances. The various treatments are ordered only when the patient’s need for them is deemed clearly to exceed the impact on his life of having to meet their cost. Always, the standard is the individual patient’s life: the extent of the likely impact on his life of his medical condition versus the extent of the impact on his life of his having to pay the cost of improving or safeguarding his medical condition.

It is serving the individual patient’s life that the various medical providers are focused on in a free medical market. The fact that they include in their focus the cost of the various aspects of medical care in relation to the patient’s financial resources is an essential part of adhering to the standard of what serves the life of the individual patient. It is what prevents the wasteful, uneconomic use of medical care in his individual case, that is, it is what prevents medical care from encroaching unduly on the satisfaction of the patient’s other needs, which he also must meet in order to live.

A dramatic example of how considering the cost of medical care in relation to the patient’s financial resources is part of the physician’s role of serving the patient’s life, is the case of MRI examinations. On the one hand, such examinations could apparently make possible the detection of brain tumors at an extremely early stage, and thus their having a far greater likelihood of being rendered harmless. From this perspective, it would be desirable for an MRI examination to be part of a routine annual checkup. At present, however, the cost of such an examination is approximately $1,000. Thus, whether or not an MRI examination as part of a routine annual checkup can in fact be said to promote a patient’s life in any given individual case, can only be determined on the basis of a knowledge of the patient’s financial resources. If he earns an income of a million dollars a year, say, then most likely such an examination should be part of his routine annual checkup. The alternative goods and services that he has to forgo to have the funds available to pay for it represent only one one-thousandth of his very considerable income, and his remaining income will still allow him to provide to a very great extent for the satisfaction of all of his various wants. In his case, the alternative goods or services he must forgo are perhaps merely the difference between a first-class seat and a business-class seat on one of his plane trips, or substituting a few days at a very luxurious resort for a few days at an extremely luxurious resort. By giving up such relatively modest alternatives, he is in a position greatly to decrease the likelihood of his ever dying from a brain tumor. Even though that likelihood is extremely small in the absence of evidence to suggest that he actually has such a tumor, such an individual probably should have a regular MRI examination. In contrast, if the annual income of an individual were only $10,000, then it would be nothing less than insanity for him to have routine annual MRIs. In his case, the meaning of such a choice might be that he would have to go hungry through the year in order to avoid what is actually a very minor risk.

Because of the consideration of cost in the individual case, it is impossible in a free market for a runaway increase in expenditures for medical care ever to take place. That, as I have shown, is strictly the result of government intervention in the medical market, specifically, the collectivization of medical costs.

In a free market the cost of medical care to the individual does not limit his ability to have essential medical care to nearly the same extent as it does his ability to have wasteful or uneconomic medical care. In large part this is because physicians and hospitals are entirely free to practice price discrimination – that is, to charge lower fees to poorer, lower-income patients than to wealthier, higher-income patients for the same services or for services that do not differ nearly to the same extent as the fees charged. This practice, and the extent of the difference in fees and in service provided, is essentially comparable to that of today’s airlines and to the difference in charges and service for the various classes of airline passengers. It is to the financial self-interest of free-market providers of medical care to practice price discrimination for the same reason that it is to the financial self-interest of the airlines to do so, namely, in order to be able to reach a wider market. The lower fees serve to make essential medical care available, but are high enough to prevent the wasteful, uneconomic use of medical care.

In addition, in a fully free market – that is, one without licensing legislation – medical care would almost certainly be offered by a broad range of providers catering to different needs of the market, just as today restaurants and clothing retailers range from McDonalds and Walmart at one end to Michelin star-rated type restaurants and the fanciest Fifth Avenue and Rodeo Drive boutiques at the other. To a great extent, the medical needs of poorer people could be adequately served by men and women who presently must practice merely as nurses, pharmacists, or paramedics. Today, the only source of medical care for such people is licensed physicians. The situation is analogous to requiring that a poor person who would be happy to buy a hamburger at McDonalds and can afford to do so, buy his hamburger at a much more expensive restaurant, that he cannot afford.

Of course, in a free market, there would be room for medical insurance to deal with catastrophic illnesses. Such insurance would impose an annual deductible well in excess of all routine medical expenses, and possibly a significant copayment over and above that, such as 5 or 10 percent of all medical charges, or all medical charges in excess of some predefined substantial limit. Insurance of this type would not be a system of collectivized payment for medical expenses, as is today’s medical insurance. It would leave each individual with strong incentives to control his medical costs. As a result, it would not operate progressively to drive up medical expenses. Thus it would result in sharply lower charges to insurance companies and in correspondingly lower insurance premiums than the present type of medical insurance. Since in a free market the government would not be able to use taxation to discriminate in favor of employer-financed medical insurance, as it now does, thereby creating the illusion in the minds of employees that medical care is free, such insurance would lose out in competition to the kind of medical insurance I have described. This is because it would be much more expensive and buyers would have to pay for it either with money directly out of their own pockets or at the expense of equivalent additional take-home pay. Beyond medical insurance, there would be private charity for patients otherwise unable to pay for essential medical services.

Thus, the choice is between the ever improving, ever less costly and more accessible medical care of a free market, and the Clinton plan’s system of stagnation, shortages, and rationing. The choice is between free-market medical care, which is centered entirely on the life of the individual patient and the independent intelligence and thinking of his physician in the service of that life, and government-controlled medical care. Government-controlled medical care is centered on the requirements of alleged national economic priorities and the so-called planning of government officials designed to improve the meeting of those alleged priorities. Government-controlled medical care entails the sacrifice of the judgment of physicians and the life of the individual patient to such illusory, absurd criteria. As such, it is a contradiction of the very concept of medical care. And thus, for anyone who values the life of the individual human being, there can actually be only one choice: the free market; and only one question: How can a free market in medical care be achieved?

5. Toward a Free Market in Medical Care

The simplest, most obvious method of achieving a free market in medical care would be at one stroke to abolish all government intervention that violates a free market in medical care: namely, all medical-licensing legislation; all government interference that promotes the present, collectivist system of private medical insurance; the Medicare and Medicaid programs; and all other government intervention in the economic system that violates the freedom of contract between patient and physician or otherwise impairs the ability of patients to gain access to medical care, notably, all regulation that increases the cost of medical care. Such a sweeping, radical solution is what is in fact required to establish a fully free market in medical care, and is precisely what should be aimed at and ultimately accomplished.

Unfortunately, it is rarely if ever the case that such a sweeping program of change can be adopted all at once. Thus, a less radical, more gradual process of reform must be devised. Here, the radical, sweeping program of reform still plays an essential role: it serves as the standard for all lesser measures of reform operating in the direction of the establishment of a free market in medical care. The degree of movement in its direction is the measure of political progress in the field of medical care.

In the present circumstances, the focus of free-market reform in medical care must be on the plight of the uninsured. Namely, what specific steps toward a free market in medical care could be taken in the near future that would substantially reduce the cost of medical care to uninsured individuals, or to individuals possessing medical insurance but who have not yet met their deductible. (From now on for the sake of brevity, when I speak of the uninsured, I should be understood as also including everyone whose insurance does not yet apply because their deductible has not yet been met.) If such reform could be successfully implemented and medical care thereby made substantially more affordable, the present, collectivist system of private medical insurance might effectively be ended, or at the very least greatly reduced in its significance.

To be successful, such reform must approach the problem of bringing down medical costs from two sides: on the one side, the reduction and ultimate total elimination of the artificial increase in demand for medical care fostered by the alleged need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of costs to pay for it. On the other side, the reduction and ultimate total elimination of the artificial increase in medical costs caused both by the alleged need-based right to medical care and by medical licensing. Everything that rolls back the artificial increase in demand for medical care will, of course, operate to reduce medical costs, but there also needs to be more direct action as well. This is necessary both in order to speed up the process of cost reduction and insofar as the artificial increase in demand for medical care has led to increased government intervention into medical care and to irrational standards of medical malpractice. These latter will not go away just by means of reducing the artificial increase in demand for medical care. Nor will medical licensing and its contribution to the high cost of medical care.

Approaching the matter from both sides will make possible a process of mutually self-reinforcing cumulative success in bringing down medical costs. That is, not only will the rollback of the artificial increase in the demand for medical care bring down the cost of medical care, but everything that serves directly to bring down the cost of medical care will make such rollback all the more likely. This is because it will make individuals less afraid to be without medical insurance or to have medical insurance with higher deductibles. Thus, whatever brings down the cost of medical care has the potential to contribute to the further reduction in the cost of medical care.

The first thing that needs to be done to roll back the artificial increase in demand for medical care is to make a relatively minor reform in the income-tax system. Namely, that employers should be free to offer their employees a choice between employer-financed medical insurance or an equivalent amount of tax free income, up to a limit corresponding roughly to the present average cost of such insurance, such as $5,000 per year. (Whatever the precise number chosen, it should, of course, be indexed for any rise in the general consumer price level from one year to the next.) This would make employees realize that they were responsible for the cost of their own medical care, even if the employer continued to pay insurance premiums on their behalf. This is because the individual employee would know that he could have his share of the money his employer paid on his behalf, in his own pocket if he wished.

The result of this arrangement would be that employees would have an incentive either to have no medical insurance or a medical insurance policy with a high deductible, significantly in excess of all normal, routine medical expenses, that is, a deductible such as two or three thousand dollars per year. Policies of this kind, carrying very high limits of coverage, are available at a cost of about $2,000 per year for a family. (See John C. Goodman and Gerald L. Musgrave, abridged, paperback edition, Patient Power [Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1994], pp. 89–90.) This is much less expensive than today’s typical type of coverage. It is noteworthy that with $5,000 of tax-free income, the purchase of such a policy would enable the individual worker to have an amount of tax-free take-home income left over equal to the full deductible on the policy, should he need it for medical expenses.

Even though much less expensive, at present there is insufficient incentive to purchase this type of insurance policy, because if an employer did so and passed the savings along to his employees, the gain to the employees would come only after paying taxes on the amount of the cost savings. In other words, present-day tax policy literally taxes savings in the cost of medical insurance. The elimination of this tax would greatly promote the purchase of the more economical, high-deductible medical insurance policies. The resulting reduction in the demand for medical care, based on the fact that individuals would have to meet all of their routine medical expenses out of their own pocket, would make a substantial contribution toward reducing the cost of medical care, one that would become greater as time went on.

The second thing that needs to be done to roll back the artificial increase in demand for medical care is to require that unless they can demonstrate a lack of means, individuals covered by Medicare be required to pay a substantial deductible before their coverage under the program begins and then to make a continuing copayment of a significant percentage of all costs beyond some maximum limit. I do not think that retired individuals in a position to pay for medical care can legitimately claim that the very small percentage of their incomes which they have paid up to now as Medicare taxes, namely, 1.45 percent for the last few years (2.9 percent when employer contributions are counted), entitles them to free medical care for the rest of their lives. It would be much less expensive for the government simply to refund such tax payments to them than to meet such unfounded claims.

Ultimately, as I have said, both the Medicare and the Medicaid programs should be phased out entirely. But I will only say very little more on this subject here, because the two programs are integrally connected with the social security and welfare systems respectively. As a result, their phaseout can be appropriately dealt with only as part of a wider program of reform which would include the phaseout of those systems as such in favor of a free market. (In a free market, of course, people live by supporting themselves and provide for their old age by means of personal saving.)

Here I will limit myself to suggesting that upon reaching the age of sixty-five, everyone should be given the choice of permanently signing away all of his acquired legal rights both to Medicare and to social security, in exchange for exemption for the remainder of his life from personal income taxes on whatever income he earns as wages or salaries or from self-employment. The interest and dividend income on whatever the individual saves from such tax-exempt income should likewise be tax-exempt, and whatever he bequeaths to his heirs from savings made out of his tax-exempt income should be exempt from estate and gift taxes. This would be an extremely powerful set of incentives to individuals to give up their legal right to collect from the Medicare and social security programs. It would make the years beyond age sixty-five into truly "golden years" – years of the greatest personal freedom in one’s lifetime as conditions now stand.

Furthermore, along with substantially reducing the government’s expenditures under these programs, it would probably operate significantly to increase the government’s overall tax revenues. This would be the case because insofar as people were led to continue to work beyond age sixty-five who otherwise would not have done so, the government would not lose any tax revenue by making their incomes tax-exempt, inasmuch as they would not have had any income to tax in the first place. (No one should make the mistake of thinking that the taxation of social security payments is a source of tax revenue to the government. It is merely a modest reduction in its expenditures.) The great bulk of the incomes earned by people over the age of sixty-five would be new and additional incomes that otherwise would not have existed. The earning and spending of these incomes would generate significant additional revenues for the government in the form of excise, sales, and property taxes, which would continue to be applicable. Of course, to the extent that they were saved and invested, they would also contribute to the formation of new and additional capital, which the American economy urgently needs, and thereby contribute to the further increase in production and in the government’s tax revenues.

As the supporters of the Clinton plan are so fond of saying, the plight of the uninsured constitutes a medical emergency. Now, an emergency justifies unusual measures, the necessity of which even political moderates can appreciate. Thus, as an important part of the second side from which the plight of the uninsured must be solved, it is certainly reasonable to ask that medical licensing laws be liberalized – nothing so extreme, mind you, as their outright abolition, but merely their significant liberalization. Thus, let the government grant to every licensed physician, as part of his powers as licensee, the power to extend the benefit of his license. That is, let every licensed physician have the right to select, say, up to six other individuals whom he will train and supervise and to whom he can delegate as much or as little of his permissible powers as a licensed physician as he thinks appropriate. Let these individuals be known perhaps as "associate physicians." To provide a feature that many will probably find a comforting safeguard, let the physician’s power of selection be limited for the time being to individuals who have already attained some significant but lesser status of endorsement by the government, such as registered nurse, licensed pharmacist, or certified paramedic. Thus, for every physician, up to six such individuals might fairly soon practice substantially as physicians when it came to serving the uninsured.

Furthermore, exactly the same procedure could be followed with respect to those higher in the medical hierarchy than ordinary physicians. Thus, for example, every board-certified surgeon could be given the power to draw from the ranks of ordinary physicians up to six individuals whom he could train and supervise, and who could thereafter practice as "associate surgeons," performing as much or as little of the work allowed normally allowed to the full surgeon as the latter deemed appropriate. (The presently licensed physicians and board-certified surgeons should be free to arrange formal or informal courses of instruction for their associates – in effect, to launch medical schools. Such instruction should take place entirely under the powers conferred by their existing licenses or certification and require absolutely no further government sanction or certification of any kind.)

Such liberalization of the licensing laws would make possible a great increase in the number of medical practitioners. It would thus substantially lower the scale of medical fees for uninsured patients, particularly at its lower end, and thereby make medical care correspondingly more affordable and more accessible to the uninsured. At the same time, it would increase the incomes not only of those who rose from a lower to a higher medical rank, but also the incomes of those of higher medical rank who made best use of the work of their associates.

It should be realized, furthermore, that the incomes of those who already had been practicing in the higher ranks would not fall to the same extent as the fall in the lower limit of medical fees, even if many or indeed all of their present patients came to utilize the services of the new associate physicians on occasion. This is because the fall in the lower limit of medical fees would be largely a decline into territory previously not served, or not very adequately served. Those in the higher ranks would continue to have important advantages over those in the lower ranks and continue to command a substantial premium in income over them. The situation would be analogous to the effect of suddenly allowing the competition of McDonalds-type restaurants against long-established, comparatively upscale restaurants which had previously been legally protected from such competition. The newly allowed McDonalds-type restaurants would draw some business from the older restaurants, but their main clientele would come from a segment of the market not previously served or not served very adequately. Thus, the prices charged by the established restaurants would not decline to a point anywhere near the prices charged by the McDonalds-type restaurants. In the same way, the rates of today’s established physicians would not decline to anywhere near the rates charged by the new, low-end competitors.

In terms of the medical care that people could obtain in daily life, the licensing liberalization would mean that for such ailments as the flu, a person could simply walk into a pharmacy, and if the pharmacist were an associate physician, he could get his examination and prescription on the spot, at a minimal cost compared with what he must pay today if he visits a doctor’s office. He could probably have a broken arm or a broken leg set and put in a proper cast by an associate physician who otherwise would have been confined to the role of registered nurse or paramedic. To the extent that such low-cost alternatives to full physicians existed and did bring down the fees of full physicians, then, when the need arose and an associate physician judged that a referral to a full physician or a specialist was required, the lower fees of these latter would serve to make their services more affordable as well.

Liberalization of licensing laws, combined with other critical reforms pertaining to the freedom of contract and the rational right to medical care, has even greater potential to bring down costs for the uninsured when it comes to hospital stays. As I have indicated, today’s $1,000 or even $1,500 per day hospital rates are essentially an outlandish hotel-room rate with meals, routine nursing service, medications, and hospital supplies included, but virtually nothing else. In most places in the United States, a first-class hotel room on a double-occupancy basis can be had for less than $75 per person per day, often for substantially less. Food that is far better than most hospital food can certainly be had for less than $50 a day per person. Taking the current hourly rate for a registered nurse as $25, and allowing for round-the-clock nursing service at the very liberal ratio of one nurse for every three patients, the daily nursing cost amounts to $200 per day per patient. Allowing as much as another $75 per day for medications and equipment rentals, and yet a further $100 a day per patient to cover the cost of all kinds of standby equipment and personnel, the total cost of the equivalent of a semi-private hospital room works out to be in the neighborhood of $500 per day at the utmost. With some efforts at economy, this cost could undoubtedly be reduced without too great difficulty to half as much, or just $250 per day.

I do not mean to suggest that today’s hospitals are making profits equal to the difference between their present exorbitant rates and costs of just $250 per day or even $500 per day. Actually, they are not. Most are doing little better than breaking even; many are even losing money. This is because piled on top of their costs that are actually necessary, is a vastly greater amount of unnecessary, artificial costs of the kind imposed both by the perverted notion of the need-based right to medical care and the collectivization of costs to pay for it, and by sundry forms of government regulation based on other factors. Here is the overhead imposed by the wasteful hospital equipment purchases that I explained earlier, the overhead imposed by cost shifting from the Medicaid program and more recently from the Medicare program and from private insurance companies, and the further overhead imposed by the vast administrative costs resulting from the mountains of paperwork generated by the system. Here also are the costs imposed by having to meet the requirements, frequently as expensive as they are bizarre, of government agencies such as the EPA and OSHA. Here also are such costs as those imposed by the wage scales and featherbedding practices of hospital labor unions, which in turn rest on the support of the NLRB, and which, in the case of today’s hospitals, have operated largely in the face of lack of buyer resistance. All in all, today’s $1,000 to $1,500 a day hospital rates rest on a foundation of $750 to $1,250 a day in unnecessary costs in addition to approximately $250 a day in necessary costs.

The essential requirements for bringing hospital rates down are making it possible for hospitals to escape the unnecessary costs and then to turn loose the profit motive and the freedom of competition. This combination will then proceed as rapidly as possible to bring hospital rates down to the point of conforming to the necessary costs, together with no more profit than is required to provide the going, competitive rate of profit in the economic system. Indeed, no sooner would this result be achieved than the profit motive and the freedom of competition would set to work finding ways progressively to reduce the necessary costs and thus further and progressively to reduce hospital rates.

How can the artificial hospital costs be escaped?

Here the necessity of freedom of contract and the actual, rational right to medical care come to the forefront, in that both the Congress and the courts must recognize the right of the uninsured individual and any hospital he enters, to deal with one another on terms mutually agreeable to them alone and subject to the interference of no one. The Congress must recognize that its legislation must support this right, not infringe it. The courts must recognize that their role is to enforce such contracts according to the terms entered into by the parties involved, not according to the terms of anyone else. Thus uninsured individuals and hospitals must have the right, to be respected and enforced, to exempt themselves from all government regulation and interference of any kind to which they do not wish to be subject.

This means that hospitals and the consenting uninsured patients who enter them must be acknowledged to have the right to exempt themselves, for example, from all the rules and regulations of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Social Security Administration, the NLRB, EPA, OSHA, and all of their state and local counterparts. It also means that hospitals and the uninsured patients who enter them must have the right to agree to mutually binding standards of malpractice other than those which guide today’s courts.

If such total, blanket self-exemption from regulation seems too extreme, then perhaps a more moderate, middle-of-the-road standard might be applied for the time being. For example, the standard could be adopted that by mutual consent hospitals and uninsured patients could voluntarily exempt themselves from all such regulation that has grown up since some given date, such as 1940 or, better, 1930, say. The principle here is that government regulation has become a malignant cancer. Nothing but radical surgery will do. Before a certain date, such as 1930, or possibly 1940, the situation, even with some amount of government interference, was not intolerable. Since that date, it has grown progressively more intolerable. (Inasmuch as the same kind of progressively deteriorating situation has existed with respect to malpractice standards, the same type of radical surgery could be applied to laws and judicial precedent concerning malpractice.)

Under such freedom of contract, if any licensed physician, or two or three licensed physicians together, were recognized as possessing all the legal qualifications required to start and run a hospital, then, in a very short time, today’s outlandish hospital rates would be no more. Their fall would be rapid indeed, if existing hospitals, currently serving insured patients, had the right to practice price discrimination in favor of uninsured patients corresponding to the newly won lower costs of serving uninsured patients.

Such a state of affairs, in which medical care would be far more affordable for uninsured individuals, combined with the income-tax provision that employers could offer their individual employees an equivalent sum of tax-free take-home income in place of costly medical insurance, would probably spell the complete end of the present system of collectivist medical insurance. For medical care would be affordable without insurance, by virtually everyone, in all but catastrophic situations.

In order to carry out the kind of reforms I have described, a simple blanket act of Congress announcing a standard concerning exemption from regulation in terms of a broad principle may be inadequate. It may be necessary to repeal hundreds or even thousands of specific federal and state regulations and numerous specific federal and state laws, or at least to amend them so as to exempt medical care from their operation. To this end, Congress could empower one last regulatory-type agency: the Deregulation Agency. Its powers would supersede those of any regulatory agency and the acts of state legislatures (as do the powers of today’s regulatory agencies). In sharpest contrast to all regulatory agencies, its powers would be limited to the repeal of existing regulations (including the narrowing of their scope in conditions in which considerations of political expediency prevented their total repeal). It would have no power to enact any new regulation.

The initial mandate of this agency would be to ferret out all regulations of any federal or state government agency or department, and all state and local laws, that violated the freedom of contract with respect to medical care – that is, the rational right to medical care – and to render them null and void insofar as this was the case, either by virtue of their outright repeal or necessary amendment. As far as existing federal legislation is concerned, its job would be to prepare an appropriate act or acts of repeal or amendment for submission to Congress. The enabling legislation for the agency should require it, within a fairly short period of time, such as two years, to reduce the cost of government interference in medicine by a minimum of 75 percent, or, if this is impossible because of existing federal laws, to have prepared the necessary legislation of repeal or amendment that would do so.

Such must be the politics of the future – if the United States is to have a future. Such can be and must be the politics of the future, even if the Clinton plan is enacted into law, as it well may be. In that case, the fight for the freedom of medical care will shift to somewhat different ground, though the long-term goal will remain exactly the same.

In that case, beginning in the very same session of Congress, and repeated in every session thereafter until its enactment is finally achieved, legislation must be introduced calling for the unrestricted right to practice medicine outside the auspices of government control. For the time being, government medicine might then be left more or less untouched, except to educate people to its disasters and cost. Apart from that, it would temporarily be left to whoever had the mentality of a serf and was satisfied with such medical care. But for those who value their lives and their freedom, the fight for the freedom of medicine would continue and never be abandoned. And when it was secured for those willing to pay for medical care, the fight would begin on behalf of all who were unwilling to act as involuntary guardians of others and pay for their medical care.

If anything in the world is not inevitable, recent events have shown that it is socialism and tyranny. Whatever obscurity still surrounds this point is the result of the failure to rout socialism in the name of explicitly formulated rational principles. The rejection of the Clinton plan in favor of an explicit free-market solution to the medical crisis provides the opportunity for just such a rout. If it were accomplished, the character of political debate in the United States could be altered in favor of reason and capitalism for generations to come.

The health and the freedom of the American people now and in the future demand a new politics of progress: progress away from government interference and in the direction of individualism and capitalism. Let such progress begin here and now, with a fight for the right to the freedom of medical care.

Postscript: As the second printing of this pamphlet goes to press, the Clinton plan has been defeated. As a result, the supporters of socialized medicine now appear to be turning to a more explicit form of socialized medicine, namely, the so-called single-payer plan, under which the government, state or federal, becomes the payer of all medical bills. (A version of the single-payer plan is on the ballot in the state of California as a voter initiative.)

It should be obvious that the single-payer plan is nothing but Medicare or Medicaid – for everyone, and that it will be accompanied by the same kinds of catastrophic failure as those alleged remedies for the destructive consequences of still earlier government intervention in medical care. At whichever level of government it is applied, the single-payer plan will mean that government officials decide what medical care is available and to which categories of citizens. Just as under the Clinton plan, the individual citizen will be deprived of the vital right to act to save his life by buying the best medical care he can obtain from willing providers.

The logic of the situation implies that the citizen will be deprived of this right not only with respect to the taxes he is forced to pay to support the plan, but with respect even to funds he is prepared to pay over and above his taxes, for the purpose of obtaining medical care. This is because the government’s purpose in enacting the plan is to contain costs. As a result, the government cannot allow the competition of a quasi-free segment of the market, fueled by today’s collectivization of medical costs, to go on driving up medical costs. Thus, as in Canada, it will be driven to prohibit the existence of any quasi-free segment of the market. People will have to take the medical care it decides they can have, period.

Of course, if the system is adopted in only one or a few states, many of the citizens of those states will still have the ability to cross over into neighboring states to obtain medical care, just as many Canadians today cross over into the United States to obtain medical care. By the same token, many of the better physicians will be driven to move their practice to states that remain relatively free.

In addition to having to pay far more for medical care, by virtue of having both to pay higher taxes and to go to a different state to obtain medical care, the residents of states that enact the single-payer plan will also suffer because the costs of doing business in their state will be dramatically increased in comparison with the costs of doing business in states that do not enact the single-payer plan. This will be the result of the imposition of sharply higher state taxes on business to help pay for the plan. These taxes will mean that it is less profitable to do business in that state. Thus, fewer new businesses will be started there; more existing businesses will relocate in other states. The result will be higher unemployment in that state. The only way that these consequences could be avoided would be if the whole cost of the plan were financed by taxes coming out of the pocket of the average wage or salary earner in the state, which would further reduce his chances of obtaining quality medical care.

$95 $80

Applied at the state level, the single-payer plan is a formula for the destruction both of medical care in that state and of the general economy of that state. Applied at the federal level, the single-payer plan is a formula for the destruction of medical care in the whole country, as well as representing a further major blow to the economic system of the country.

The right principle to follow in answer to the single-payer plan and any and all other efforts to carry socialized medicine any further in the United States is that the best defense is an offense. In this case, that means going on the offensive for economic freedom in medical care, along the lines spelled out in Section 5 of this pamphlet.

George Reisman, Ph.D., is Pepperdine University Professor Emeritus of Economics and the author of Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics (Ottawa, Illinois: Jameson Books, 1996). His web site is www.capitalism.net. His blog is at www.georgereisman.com/blog/. Send him mail. (A PDF replica of the complete book Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics can be downloaded to the reader’s hard drive simply by clicking on the book’s title, immediately preceding, and then saving the file when it appears on the screen. ) See his article archives. Comment on the blog.

This article originally appeared as a pamphlet published by The Jefferson School of Philosophy, Economics and Psychology. Copyright © 2009, 1994, by George Reisman. The author would like to acknowledge the valuable suggestions and criticisms of various drafts of this essay that have been made by his wife, Dr. Edith Packer; his editor, Mr. Charles Burger; and by four practicing physicians: Beth Haynes, M.D., Peter LePort, M.D., Christina Rizza, M.D., and James Vawter, M.D.

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